Fibroblast growth factor 21: new insights from human studies
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel metabolic regulator that holds promise as a therapeutic target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The regulation of FGF21, however, is only emerging. Most of the existing evidence is derived from animal studies – particularly mice – where repeated measurements of hormones are difficult. Over the last decade, several studies evaluating the regulation of FGF21 in human physiology have emerged in the literature. These have shown that plasma FGF21 is an acutely regulated hormone and that the glucagon-to-insulin ratio seems to be pivotal in the regulation of FGF21...
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
The metabolic actions of neurotensin secreted from the gut
Neurotensin (NT) is a 13 amino acid peptide hormone primarily expressed in the brain and in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. NT in the brain is generally considered an anorexigenic neuropeptide, but the potential metabolic actions of GI tract NT have not been investigated extensively. In the GI tract, NT is mainly found in so-called N cells, but is also coexpressed with a number of functionally related hormones including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY. NT, GLP-1, and peptide YY can further be released together in response to a number of different physiological stimuli and can coact on some but not all targe...
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Why cholecystokinin and gastrin are also incretins
This review argues that cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin are incretins. The insulin cells are equipped with CCK2/gastrin receptors. CCK/gastrin peptides stimulate insulin secretion and potentiate the incretin effect of glucagon-like peptide-1. CCK/gastrin and insulin are released in significant amounts during normal mixed meals even at modest changes in blood glucose concentrations. Treatment of diabetes patients with combinatorial glucagon-like peptide-1 and CCK or gastrin-derived constructs therefore provides an expedient option. (Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology)
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide analogues as novel treatments for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for developing chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD). The underlying mechanism appears to be insulin desensitization in the brain. A range of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) mimetics and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) analogues initially designed to treat diabetes protected transgenic animals that model AD and toxin-based animal models of PD. Novel dual GLP-1/GIP analogues also show good neuroprotective effects. On the basis of these findings, first clinical trials have been conducted. In a pilot study on pat...
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Incretin-based therapies for the failing heart
The gut incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), regulates islet hormone secretion, circulating glucose levels, and body weight, making it an attractive agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. As cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes, it is important to understand how GLP-1-based drugs impact the cardiovascular system. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of two incretin-based drug classes, GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, specifically in the context of heart failure. In addition to illustrating how these therapies ...
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Extrapancreatic contribution to glucose regulation by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are now being clinically utilized as glucose-lowering medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Their widespread use and effective glucose-lowering properties have led to great interest in the mechanism of action of this class of drug. Although it has been well accepted that DPP-4 inhibitors lower glucose in part by increasing postprandial insulin secretion and suppressing fasting and postprandial hyperglucagonemia, recent studies have suggested that DPP-4 inhibition has other metabolically beneficial properties that are extrapancreatic in nature. This review explores the c...
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide on glucagon
The incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the intestinal mucosa in response to nutrient ingestion. It is well known that GIP exerts a strong, glucose-dependent (during elevated blood glucose levels) insulinotropic effect. In recent years, it has become clear that GIP also exerts effects on glucagon secretion. The regulation of glucagon secretion is interesting as the combination of inadequate insulin secretion and excessive glucagon secretion represents an essential contributor towards the hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, the ab...
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Gut hormones and gastric bypass
Gut hormone secretion in response to nutrient ingestion appears to depend on membrane proteins expressed by the enteroendocrine cells. These include transporters (glucose and amino acid transporters), and, in this case, hormone secretion depends on metabolic and electrophysiological events elicited by absorption of the nutrient. In other cases (e.g. lipid ingestion and digestion), stimulation may result from interaction with G-protein-coupled receptors expressed by the endocrine cells and activation of intracellular signals (cAMP, IP3, etc.). It is the rate at which these mechanisms are being activated that determines horm...
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Glucometabolic gut hormones: beyond the incretin effect
No abstract available (Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology)
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Editorials Source Type: research
Editorial Introduction
No abstract available (Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology)
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - August 9, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Editorials Source Type: research
Adiponectin levels and cardiovascular disease – symptom or a cause?
No abstract available (Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology)
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - May 10, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Commentary Source Type: research
Longitudinal associations between adiponectin and cardiac structure differ by hypertensive status: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults
Conclusion: Among normotensive participants, higher adiponectin may be a useful marker of less adverse future cardiac structure. Further study is required to determine whether adiponectin receptor agonists may provide a benefit among these individuals. Among hypertensive participants, further study is required to assess the prognostic and therapeutic use of adiponectin. (Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology)
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - May 10, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Original articles Source Type: research
Impairment in the number and function of CD34+/KDR+ circulating cells in diabetes and obesity with functional improvement after thymosin β4 treatment
Conclusion: A significant impairment in the number and function of CD34+/KDR+ circulating cells in ZDF rats was observed. The use of Tβ4 as a potential novel therapeutic target in improving migratory and angiogenic activities may prove to be important in diabetes and obesity. (Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology)
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - May 10, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Original articles Source Type: research
The emergence of frailty and sarcopaenia in diabetes mellitus: description of inter-relationships and clinical importance
Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent chronic disease, with an associated heavy personal and public health burden of disability, morbidity and mortality. The focus of care for older patients with diabetes is prevention of functional decline, with early intervention rather than attempting to recover function later. Diabetes doubles the risk of frailty. An important contributor towards physical frailty is sarcopaenia, which manifests as an age-related loss of skeletal muscle volume and power. Frailty is not an inevitable consequence of the ageing process; it is a dynamic and potentially reversible condition that highlights...
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - May 10, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Review article Source Type: research
What should the systolic blood pressure be in older diabetics treated for hypertension?
No abstract available (Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology)
Source: Cardiovascular Endocrinology - May 10, 2016 Category: Cardiology Tags: Editorials Source Type: research
