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Co-signaling Molecules in Neurological Diseases.
Authors: Kivisäkk P, Khoury SJ Abstract Inflammation plays an important role in the onset and progression of many neurological diseases. As the central nervous system (CNS) constitutes a highly specialized environment where immune activation can be detrimental, it is crucial to understand mechanisms by which the immune system is regulated during neurological diseases. The system of co-signaling pathways provides the immune system with the means to fine-tune immune responses by turning on and off immune cell activation. Studies of co-signaling molecules in neurological diseases and their animal models have highligh...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - November 24, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Contributions of 12/15-Lipoxygenase to Bleeding in the Brain Following Ischemic Stroke.
Authors: Zheng Y, Liu Y, Karatas H, Yigitkanli K, Holman TR, van Leyen K Abstract Ischemic strokes are caused by one or more blood clots that typically obstruct one of the major arteries in the brain, but frequently also result in leakage of the blood-brain barrier and subsequent hemorrhage. While it has long been known that the enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is up-regulated following ischemic strokes and contributes to neuronal cell death, recent research has shown an additional major role for 12/15-LOX in causing this hemorrhagic transformation. These findings have important implications for the use of 12/...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - September 30, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy.
Authors: Kumar SS, Sabu A Abstract Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders consisting importantly of coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Severe cardiovascular disease conditions lead to acute myocardial infarction and stroke. One of the reasons for this is formation of blood clots inside the vessel. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs are used for managing cardiovascular diseases for a long time. However, they were unable to dissolve an existing thrombus. Fibrinolytic ...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - September 6, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Diagnostics and Treatments of Iron-Related CNS Diseases.
Authors: Xiong H, Tuo QZ, Guo YJ, Lei P Abstract Iron has been proposed to be responsible for neuronal loss in several diseases of the central nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In many diseases, abnormal accumulation of brain iron in disease-affected area has been observed, without clear knowledge of the contribution of iron overload to pathogenesis. Recent evidences implicate that key proteins involved in the disease pathogenesis may also participate in cellular iron metabol...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - August 29, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Iron Pathophysiology in Stroke.
Authors: Almutairi MMA, Xu G, Shi H Abstract Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are the common types of stroke that lead to brain injury neurological deficits and mortality. All forms of stroke remain a serious health issue, and there is little successful development of drugs for treating stroke. Incomplete understanding of stroke pathophysiology is considered the main barrier that limits this research progress. Besides mitochondria and free radical-producing enzymes, labile iron is an important contributor to oxidative stress. Although iron regulation and metabolism in cerebral stroke are not fully understood, much p...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - August 29, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Current Opinion for Hypertension in Renal Fibrosis.
Authors: Sun HJ Abstract Arterial hypertension remains to be a serious problem with considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide in the present age. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, and heart failure. Hypertensive nephropathy is the second leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) around the world. Long-time hypertension loading results in renal interstitial fibrosis, which is associated with aberrant activation of renal fibroblasts and excessive generation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Increasing evidence ...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - August 12, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Prevalence and Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Arterial Hypertension in the Adult Population in Poland: An Observational Subset of the International Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study.
This study, the first large scale screening for OSA in Poland, shows a substantial, much higher than previously appreciated, prevalence of risk for OSA in the population at large. PMID: 31372855 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - August 4, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

ALDH2 and Stroke: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.
Authors: Xu H, Zhang Y, Ren J Abstract Cerebral stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. The prevalence of cerebral stroke is the result of the synergistic effect of genetic susceptibility and numerous vascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, excessive alcohol intake, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is a vital enzyme metabolizing various acetaldehyde and toxic aldehydes. The ALDH2 enzymatic activity is severely decreased in the individuals with ALDH2*2 gene mutation, especially in East Asians. Increasing epidemiological survey...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - August 2, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Pericytes in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia.
Authors: Galaris G, Thalgott JH, Lebrin FPG Abstract Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disorder characterized by multi-systemic vascular dysplasia affecting 1 in 5000 people worldwide. Individuals with HHT suffer from many complications including nose and gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, iron deficiency, stroke, abscess, and high-output heart failure. Identification of the causative gene mutations and the generation of animal models have revealed that decreased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and increased vascular endothelial growth factor ...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - June 1, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Pericytes in Ischemic Stroke.
Authors: Dalkara T, Alarcon-Martinez L, Yemisci M Abstract Recent stroke research has shifted the focus to the microvasculature from neuron-centric views. It is increasingly recognized that a successful neuroprotection is not feasible without microvascular protection. On the other hand, recent studies on pericytes, long-neglected cells on microvessels have provided insight into the regulation of microcirculation. Pericytes play an essential role in matching the metabolic demand of nervous tissue with the blood flow in addition to regulating the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leukocyte...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - June 1, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Liver, Stroke, Rhinosinusitis.
Authors: Kudo A Abstract In addition to main types of fibrosis, other types of fibrosis in incredible diseases have been reported. Among them, liver fibrosis, stroke, and rhinosinusitis are described as new cases of periostin action. To understand periostin function in a new area of fibrosis linked with inflammation, periostin can be used as a new tool to elucidate the mechanisms of unknown diseases. PMID: 31037632 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - May 2, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

The Co-design of Hand Rehabilitation Exercises for Multiple Sclerosis Using Hand Tracking System.
Authors: Webster A, Poyade M, Rea P, Paul L Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) often affects motor function, leading to an adverse effect on daily living. Rehabilitation is important in terms of improving mobility and activities of daily living. Virtual environments (VE) are increasing in popularity within this research area, but research in terms of VE is still rare, for both the upper and lower limb, in people with MS. Leap Motion (LM), a hand motion tracking system, has demonstrated success in stroke research but has yet to be investigated within MS. Following a co-design approach, five participants with MS discus...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - March 30, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Potential Application of Virtual Reality for Interface Customisation (and Pre-training) of Amputee Patients as Preparation for Prosthetic Use.
Authors: Sime DW Abstract Virtual Reality has been used to great effect in the field of retraining and strengthening neural pathways in victims of serious brain injury and stroke.Meanwhile, VR visualisation of missing limbs in amputees has been used to great effect not only in the treatment of "phantom limb syndrome" but in helping amputees restore muscle tone in remaining limb sections and torso prior to fitting these areas for prosthetics.The natural next step, combining elements of both approaches, is the potential application of virtual reality to actively train the patient for using these prostheses prior to t...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - March 30, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Mandibular Advancement Devices in Patients with Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review.
Authors: Wojda M, Jurkowski P, Lewandowska A, Mierzwińska-Nastalska E, Kostrzewa-Janicka J Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder resulting from the repetitive narrowing and collapse of the upper respiratory tract. The results of previous epidemiological studies confirm a significant impact of OSA on the health situation around the world. Untreated OSA is associated with many adverse health effects, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, and daytime sleepiness. Excessive mortality of OSA patients, especially in men under 50 years o...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - January 29, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation for Accessory Respiratory Muscles Training in Patients After Ischemic Stroke.
This study focused on how pulmonary function is affected by proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) of accessory respiratory muscles in the chronic post-stroke phase. The study involved patients who had had ischemic stroke 6 months or more before the PNF treatment investigated. The objective was to define the effect of PNF on bioelectrical resting and maximum activity of the accessory muscles. Patients were randomly assigned to PNF treatment and just positioning treatment as a reference for comparison; 30 patients each. Electromyography of accessory muscles was investigated before and after physiotherapeutic treat...
Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - January 28, 2019 Category: Research Tags: Adv Exp Med Biol Source Type: research

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