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The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide
We describe one such approach, albumin binding, and explain how it was applied in the development of the human GLP-1 analog liraglutide once daily and, subsequently, semaglutide once weekly. The pharmacology of these two long-acting GLP-1 analogs, in terms of improving glycemic control, reducing body weight and decreasing cardiovascular (CV) risk, is also reviewed, together with some novel biology. In addition, we describe the importance of accurate target (GLP-1 receptor) tissue expression analysis. Now an established class of agents, GLP-1-based therapies represent a significant advance in the treatment of T2D. All curr...
Source: Frontiers in Endocrinology - April 11, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Clinical, radiological, and histological characteristics of Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic scleredema: an observational study
ConclusionOur reports suggest that DS is relatively rare in Chinese patients with diabetes. DS occurs both in middle-aged and elderly patients (male predominantly), overweight or obese, having long-term poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, and presenting a high incidence of microvascular complications, hypertension, neuropathy, and ischemic cerebral stroke. High LDL-C level, nicotine abuse, and alcohol abuse may be risk factors. MRI could be preferable to assess the severity of DS non-invasively.
Source: International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries - December 18, 2018 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Lipids: a personal view of the past decade.
Authors: Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP Abstract The past decade has witnessed considerable progress in the field of lipids. New drugs have been "rapidly" developed and some of these drugs have already been evaluated in event-based large trials. This evidence has led to the guidelines recommending new, more aggressive treatment goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Although LDL-C remains the principal goal for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction, there has also been considerable interest in other lipid variables, such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein...
Source: Hormones - September 21, 2018 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Hormones (Athens) Source Type: research

Work stress and risk of death in men and women with and without cardiometabolic disease: a multicohort study
Publication date: Available online 5 June 2018Source: The Lancet Diabetes & EndocrinologyAuthor(s): Mika Kivimäki, Jaana Pentti, Jane E Ferrie, G David Batty, Solja T Nyberg, Markus Jokela, Marianna Virtanen, Lars Alfredsson, Nico Dragano, Eleonor I Fransson, Marcel Goldberg, Anders Knutsson, Markku Koskenvuo, Aki Koskinen, Anne Kouvonen, Ritva Luukkonen, Tuula Oksanen, Reiner Rugulies, Johannes Siegrist, Archana Singh-ManouxSummaryBackgroundAlthough some cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines suggest a need to manage work stress in patients with established cardiometabolic disease, the evidence base for this recomm...
Source: The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology - July 10, 2018 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of leukoaraiosis; a population based cross-sectional study.
Authors: Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, Ohbora A, Kojima T, Fukui M Abstract Metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individual is known to be defended from the metabolic complications of obesity. Leukoaraiosis, which is commonly detected on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is now recognized as a risk of stroke, dementia and death. However, the association between MHO and the prevalence of leukoaraiosis is unclear. In this cross-sectional study of 796 participants who received a medical examination program, we investigated the association between MHO and the prevalence of leukoaraiosis. We used common clinic...
Source: Endocrine Journal - April 14, 2018 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Endocr J Source Type: research

HbA 1c , diabetes and cognitive decline: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Conclusions/interpretationSignificant longitudinal associations between HbA1c levels, diabetes status and long-term cognitive decline were observed in this study. Future studies are required to determine the effects of maintaining optimal glucose control on the rate of cognitive decline in people with diabetes.
Source: Diabetologia - March 9, 2018 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Survival in Out-of-hospital Rapid Sequence Intubation of Non-Traumatic Brain Pathologies.
CONCLUSIONS: Non-traumatic brain pathologies are seven times more prevalent than traumatic brain injuries in patients that underwent out-of-hospital RSI in Victoria, Australia. Since the mechanisms through which RSI impacts mortality might differ between traumatic brain injuries and NTBP, and given that NTBP is very prevalent, it follows that the use of RSI in NTBP could be unsupported. PMID: 28622071 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Prehospital Emergency Care - June 19, 2017 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Prehosp Emerg Care Source Type: research

Association between Carotid Intima ‐Media Thickness and Fasting Blood Glucose level: A Population‐Based Cross‐Sectional Study among Low‐Income Adults in Rural China
ConclusionsThese findings suggest that it is crucial to manage and control traditional risk factors in low‐income populations in China in order to decelerate the recent dramatic increase in stroke incidence and to reduce the burden of stroke.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Source: Journal of Diabetes Investigation - December 31, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Liu Gao, Lingling Bai, Min Shi, Jingxian Ni, Hongyan Lu, Yanan Wu, Jun Tu, Xianjia Ning, Jinghua Wang, Yukun Li Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Pioglitazone in patients with insulin resistance after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: A comment on the IRIS trial
Pioglitazone, an antidiabetic drug, also exerts several cardiometabolic benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, vasoprotective and hypolipidemic effects. These pioglitazone-related benefits have been observed in different patient populations such as those with prediabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). With regard to cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, there is conflicting evidence.Recently, the Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke (IRIS) trial reported a significant pioglitazone-induced decrease in CV morbidity in patients with insulin ...
Source: Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications - September 17, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Niki Katsiki, Dimitri P Mikhailidis Source Type: research

Hyperglycemia Is Associated with Impaired Muscle Quality in Older Men with Diabetes: The Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging.
CONCLUSION: Poor glycemic control in these older patients with diabetes was associated with significant risk of decreased muscle quality and performance status. Glycemic control with an HbA1c of <8.5% might be needed to reduce the risk of adverse skeletal and functional outcomes in this population. PMID: 27126884 [PubMed]
Source: Diabetes and Metabolism Journal - April 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Diabetes Metab J Source Type: research

Paramedic Perspectives on Barriers to Prehospital Acute Stroke Recognition.
CONCLUSIONS: While challenges to stroke recognition in the field were slightly different for rural and urban EMS, participants concurred that timely, systematic feedback on individual patients and case-based training would strengthen early stroke recognition skills. PMID: 26855299 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Prehospital Emergency Care - February 14, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Prehosp Emerg Care Source Type: research

Testosterone and cardiac mass and function in men with type 1 diabetes in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (EDIC)
ConclusionsAmong men with type 1 diabetes, higher total testosterone was associated with higher LV mass and volume but not with function. The clinical significance of this association remains to be established.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Source: Clinical Endocrinology - December 7, 2015 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Catherine Kim, Ionut Bebu, Barbara Braffett, Patricia A. Cleary, Valerie Arends, Michael Steffes, Hunter Wessells, Trevor Orchard, Aruna V. Sarma, Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Low alanine aminotransferase levels and higher number of cardiovascular events in people with Type 2 diabetes: analysis of the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study
ConclusionsThe data may indicate that in people with Type 2 diabetes, which is associated with higher alanine aminotransferase levels because of prevalent non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, a low alanine aminotransferase level is a marker of hepatic or systemic frailty rather than health.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Source: Diabetic Medicine - October 3, 2015 Category: Endocrinology Authors: K. H. Williams, D. R. Sullivan, A. S. Veillard, R. O'Brien, J. George, A. J. Jenkins, S. Young, C. Ehnholm, A. Duffield, S. M. Twigg, A. C. Keech Tags: Research Article Source Type: research

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