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Infectious Disease: Influenza

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Community-acquired Pneumonia: A Global Perspective
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 799-805 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592313Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a global disease responsible for a large proportion of deaths and having significant economic cost. As diagnostic tools have increased in sensitivity, our understanding of the etiology of CAP has begun to change with a significant increase in confirmed viral infections and the recognition that multiple pathogens are frequently present. Empiric therapy remains the standard of care and guidelines are mostly based on published data from the United States or Europe. Blindly applying guidelines without any consideration...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - December 12, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Waterer, Grant W. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Latin America
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 868-875 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592076Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. Poverty, socioeconomic factors, and malnutrition influence the incidence and outcome of CAP in LAC. In LAC, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent microorganism responsible for CAP, (incidence: 24–78%); the incidence of atypical microorganisms is similar to other regions of the world. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a growing problem in the LAC region, with th...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - December 12, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Iannella, Hern án A. Luna, Carlos M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Pediatric Patient With Altered Mental Status and Hypoxemia: Case Report
We report a case of a 5-year-old girl transferred to a tertiary care pediatric emergency department with hypoxemia and altered mental status and diagnosed with severe hypothyroidism and myxedema coma in the setting of acute influenza infection. Although it is rare, myxedema coma must remain in the differential diagnosis for altered mental status and organ dysfunction in the pediatric population.
Source: Pediatric Emergency Care - July 1, 2017 Category: Emergency Medicine Tags: Illustrative Cases Source Type: research

Identifying Prioritization Criteria to Supplement Critical Care Triage Protocols for the Allocation of Ventilators during a Pandemic Influenza
The purpose of this study was to identify supplementary criteria to provide direction when the Ontario Health Plan for an Influenza Pandemic (OHPIP) critical care triage protocol is rendered insufficient by its inability to discriminate among patients assessed as urgent, and there are insufficient critical care resources available to treat those in that category. To accomplish this task, a Supplementary Criteria Task Force for Critical Care Triage was struck at the University of Toronto Joint Centre for Bioethics. The task force reviewed publically available protocols and policies on pandemic flu planning, identified 13 po...
Source: Healthcare Quarterly - April 30, 2014 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research

Adult Caregiver Influenza Vaccination Through Administration in Pediatric Outpatient Clinics: A Cocooning Healthcare Improvement Project
Conclusions: ACs readily accepted influenza vaccination at their child’s pediatric primary care office. Increased vaccination acceptance occurred when ACs were female, had private insurance, if their child had a chronic illness and if the vaccination was offered the same day as their child’s appointment. Likely reason for low acceptance in ACs with Medicaid insurance is high cost; thus, staff, well-aware of Medicaid’s nonreimbursement, likely offered the vaccine less to these parents.
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - August 15, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Vaccine Reports Source Type: research

Viral etiology of severe acute respiratory infections in a pediatric intensive care unit.
CONCLUSIONS.: RSV-A was the most common viral etiology in children under five hospitalized by SARI at the PICU. No association was found between viral infection and patient survival. PMID: 31460634 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Revista Peruana de Medicina de Experimental y Salud Publica - August 30, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Tags: Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica Source Type: research

Recommendations for Mandatory Influenza Vaccinations for Health Care Personnel From AMDA's Infection Advisory Subcommittee
Preventing influenza infections is a national health priority, particularly among geriatric and adults with frailty who reside in post-acute and long-term care (PALTC) settings. Older adults account for more than 70% of deaths from influenza, a reflection of decreased vaccine effectiveness in that age group. Annually vaccinating health care personnel (HCP) working with these patients against influenza is critical to reducing influenza morbidity and mortality among patients. PALTC HCP have the lowest influenza vaccination rate when compared to HCP in other settings.
Source: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association - December 28, 2019 Category: Health Management Authors: Elizabeth Frentzel, Robin L.P. Jump, Laurie Archbald-Pannone, David A. Nace, Steven J. Schweon, Swati Gaur, Fatima Naqvi, Naushira Pandya, William Mercer, Infection Advisory Subcommittee of AMDA, The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine Tags: Special Article Source Type: research

Clinical and Laboratory Findings on the Differences Between H1N1 Influenza and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): Focusing on the Treatment Approach
In this study, therefore, we compared some clinical, demographic, and laboratory findings to determine the differences between H1N1 influenza and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) to suggest the appropriate drug therapeutic approaches. Subsequent to the inclusion of 4 available studies, which presented all the required data, the findings and results were compared, showing fever and cough as the most prevalent clinical indications of both H1N1 influenza and 2019-nCoV diseases. With respect to the laboratory findings, both 2019-nCoV and H1N1 patients showed leukopenia as the main laboratory findings. Taken together, since ...
Source: Clinical Pulmonary Medicine - July 1, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: Critical Care/Respiratory Care Source Type: research

Age discrimination in critical care triage in South Africa: The law and the allocation of scarce health resources in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Authors: Erasmus N Abstract No one may be refused emergency medical treatment in South Africa (SA). Yet score-based categorical exclusions used in critical care triage guidelines disproportionately discriminate against older adults, the cognitively and physically impaired, and the disabled. Adults over the age of 60, who make up 9.1% of the SA population, are most likely to present with disabilities and comorbidities at triage. Score-based models, drawn from international precedents, deny these patients admission to an ICU when resources are constrained, such as during influenza and COVID-19 outbreaks. The Critical...
Source: South African Medical Journal - January 7, 2021 Category: African Health Tags: S Afr Med J Source Type: research

Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Hospital and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonias
Semin Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739472Pneumonia is the commonest nosocomial infection complicating hospital stay, with both non-ventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurring frequently amongst patients in intensive care. Aspergillus is an increasingly recognized pathogen amongst patients with HAP and VAP, and is associated with significantly increased mortality if left untreated.Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) was originally identified in patients who had been profoundly immunosuppressed, however, this disease can also occur in patients with relative...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 18, 2022 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Chen, Fangyue Qasir, Danyal Morris, Andrew Conway Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Tracheobronchitis in COVID-19
Semin Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740334Although few studies evaluated the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in COVID-19 patients, several studies evaluated the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in these patients. Based on the results of a large multicenter European study, VAP incidence is higher in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (36.1%), as compared with those with influenza pneumonia (22.2%), or no viral infection at intensive care unit (ICU) admission (16.5%). Potential explanation for the high incidence of VAP in COVID-19 patient...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 18, 2022 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Rouz é, Anahita Nseir, Saad Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Immune function in critically ill kids with influenza reveals immune suppression in non-survivors
(Nationwide Children's Hospital) Investigators from 15 children's medical centers, including Nationwide Children's Hospital, observed and evaluated critically ill children with influenza to evaluate the relationships between levels of systemic inflammation, immune function and likelihood to die from the illness. The study appears in the January issue of Critical Care Medicine.
Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health - January 21, 2013 Category: Global & Universal Source Type: news

Clinical Presentation of Severe Viral Encephalitis With Known Causative Agents in Children: A Retrospective Study on 16 Patients Hospitalized in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (2008-2011)
A retrospective analysis was conducted in a French pediatric hospital in Lyon. Subjects were 16 patients diagnosed with acute viral encephalitis with identified causative agents who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from 2008 to 2011. The median length of stay was 6 days. The outcome was favorable for 77% of the patients. Analysis of biological and clinical findings based on causative agents did not reveal clinical patterns or neurological findings specific to the causal viruses. Nevertheless, uncommon clinical pictures and severe neurological complications were highlighted, in particular for children with...
Source: Journal of Child Neurology - October 30, 2014 Category: Neurology Authors: Adenot, M., Frobert, E., Blanchard, G., Morel, B., Perrot, L., Floret, D., Javouhey, E. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Acute Childhood Encephalitis at 2 Tertiary Care Children’s Hospitals in Israel: Etiology and Clinical Characteristics
Conclusions: The etiology of acute encephalitis remains unknown in the majority of cases. There was no correlation between adverse outcome and a specific etiologic agent. The high morbidity rate may suggest that current therapeutic modalities may not be sufficient.
Source: Pediatric Emergency Care - February 1, 2016 Category: Emergency Medicine Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Human Influenza Virus Infections
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 487-500 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584801Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the circulating virus strains are closely monitored and a yearly updated vaccination is provided, especially to identified risk populations. Nonetheless, influenza virus infection may result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection. Pandemics are, in contrary, unexpected rare events related to the emergence of a reassorted human-pathogenic i...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Peteranderl, Christin Herold, Susanne Schmoldt, Carole Tags: Review Article Source Type: research