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A review of neuroimaging studies of young relatives of individuals with schizophrenia: A developmental perspective from schizotaxia to schizophrenia
Abstract In an effort to identify the developing abnormalities preceding psychosis, Dr. Ming T. Tsuang and colleagues at Harvard expanded Meehl's concept of “schizotaxia,” and examined brain structure and function in families affected by schizophrenia (SZ). Here, we systematically review genetic (familial) high‐risk (HR) studies of SZ using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), examine how findings inform models of SZ etiology, and suggest directions for future research. Neuroimaging studies of youth at HR for SZ through the age of 30 were identified through a MEDLINE (PubMed) search. There is substantial evidence of gra...
Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics - October 17, 2013 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: H.W. Thermenos, M.S. Keshavan, R.J. Juelich, E. Molokotos, S. Whitfield‐Gabrieli, B.K. Brent, N. Makris, L.J. Seidman Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Hemothorax after the intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator in a patient with acute ischemic stroke and rib fractures.
Abstract A 79-year-old man experienced sudden-onset left hemiparesis and disturbance of consciousness. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed an acute ischemic stroke in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery. He underwent systemic thrombolysis via the intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Chest radiography and computed tomography performed the following day showed severe hemothorax with atelectasis of the left lung and multiple rib fractures; the initial chest radiogram had revealed rib fractures but we did not recognize them at the time. Conservative treatmen...
Source: Journal of Nippon Medical School - March 15, 2014 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Shirokane K, Umeoka K, Mishina M, Mizunari T, Kobayashi S, Teramoto A Tags: J Nippon Med Sch Source Type: research

Registration of Whole-Mount Histology and Volumetric Imaging of the Prostate Using Particle Filtering
Registration of histological slices to volumetric imaging of the prostate is an important task that can be used to optimize imaging for cancer detection. Such registration is challenging due to physical changes of the specimen during excision and fixation, and misalignment of the histological slices during preparation and digital scanning. In this work, we consider a multi-slice to volume registration method in which a stack of sparse, unaligned 2-D whole-mount histological slices is registered to a 3-D volumetric imaging of the prostate. We propose a particle filtering framework to contend with the high dimensionality of ...
Source: IEE Transactions on Medical Imaging - August 1, 2014 Category: Biomedical Engineering Source Type: research

Emergency Department Resource Use by Supervised Residents vs Attending Physicians Alone
Conclusions and RelevanceIn a sample of US EDs, supervised visits were associated with a greater likelihood of hospital admission and use of advanced imaging and with longer ED stays. Whether these associations are different in EDs in which more than half of visits are seen by residents requires further investigation.
Source: JAMA - December 10, 2014 Category: Journals (General) Source Type: research

Multimodal neuroimaging evidence linking memory and attention systems during visual search cued by context
Visual search can be facilitated by the learning of spatial configurations that predict the location of a target among distractors. Neuropsychological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence implicates the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system in this contextual cueing effect, and electroencephalography (EEG) studies have identified the involvement of visual cortical regions related to attention. This work investigated two questions: (1) how memory and attention systems are related in contextual cueing; and (2) how these systems are involved in both short‐ and long‐term contextual learning. In one ...
Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - January 13, 2015 Category: Science Authors: Ryan W. Kasper, Scott T. Grafton, Miguel P. Eckstein, Barry Giesbrecht Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

A structural model of age, grey matter volumes, education, and personality traits
ConclusionsMaintaining openness against the effects of ageing is desirable, and our results imply that interventions against age‐related cerebral atrophy and the promotion of opportunities for higher education may contribute to the development and stability of a healthy personality during the adult life course.
Source: Psychogeriatrics - March 3, 2015 Category: Geriatrics Authors: Soichiro Kitamura, Fumihiko Yasuno, Akihide Yamamoto, Hiroaki Kazui, Takashi Kudo, Kiwamu Matsuoka, Kuniaki Kiuchi, Jun Kosaka, Kazuyuki Nagatsuka, Hidehiro Iida, Toshifumi Kishimoto Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Maternal Postsecondary Education Associated With Improved Cerebellar Growth After Preterm Birth
The preterm cerebellum is vulnerable to impaired development impacting long-term outcome. Preterm newborns (<32 weeks) underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The association between parental education and cerebellar volume at each time point was assessed, adjusting for age at scan. In 26 infants, cerebellar volumes at term (P = .001), but not birth (P = .4), were associated with 2-year volumes. For 1 cm3 smaller cerebellar volume (4% total volume) at term, the cerebellum was 3.18 cm3 smaller (3% total volume) by 2 years. Maternal postsecondary education was not associated with cerebellar volume at term...
Source: Journal of Child Neurology - September 18, 2015 Category: Neurology Authors: Stiver, M. L., Kamino, D., Guo, T., Thompson, A., Duerden, E. G., Taylor, M. J., Tam, E. W. Y. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Thyroid metastasis from small cell lung carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature
Conclusions We conclude that in a patient with a known history of malignant disease, the finding of a new thyroid mass should be promptly evaluated with a thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy to search for metastatic disease. The clinical features of our and two previously reported cases were summarized.
Source: Journal of Medical Case Reports - October 7, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Source Type: research

Working memory, reasoning, and expertise in medicine—insights into their relationship using functional neuroimaging
Abstract Clinical reasoning is dependent upon working memory (WM). More precisely, during the clinical reasoning process stored information within long-term memory is brought into WM to facilitate the internal deliberation that affords a clinician the ability to reason through a case. In the present study, we examined the relationship between clinical reasoning and WM while participants read clinical cases with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). More specifically, we examined the impact of clinical case difficulty (easy, hard) and clinician level of expertise (2nd year medical students, senior gastroent...
Source: Advances in Health Sciences Education - November 4, 2015 Category: Universities & Medical Training Source Type: research

Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in superficial CNS siderosis.
CONCLUSION: Surgical therapy in superficial CNS siderosis is rarely achieved. We suggest that prospective, large-scale multicentre studies are needed to search for non-surgical therapies that reverse (or prevent) ongoing neurotoxicity due to accumulating iron toxicity. FUNDING: not relevant. TRIAL REGISTRATION: not relevant. PMID: 26050830 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Danish Medical Journal - December 12, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Tags: Dan Med J Source Type: research

Pretraining Cortical Thickness Predicts Subsequent Perceptual Learning Rate in a Visual Search Task
We report that preexisting individual differences in the cortical thickness of brain areas involved in a perceptual learning task predict the subsequent perceptual learning rate. Participants trained in a motion-discrimination task involving visual search for a "V"-shaped target motion trajectory among inverted "V"-shaped distractor trajectories. Motion-sensitive area MT+ (V5) was functionally identified as critical to the task: after 3 weeks of training, activity increased in MT+ during task performance, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We computed the cortical thickness of MT+ from anatomical magneti...
Source: Cerebral Cortex - February 2, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Frank, S. M., Reavis, E. A., Greenlee, M. W., Tse, P. U. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Correlation Between Brain Activation Changes and Cognitive Improvement Following Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Schizophrenia: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that CRT might improve the cognition of schizophrenia patients by increasing activations of the frontal and parietal lobe. In addition, it might provide more evidence to confirm results by including ROI studies in ALE meta-analysis. PMID: 26904993 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Chinese Medical Journal - February 27, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Wei YY, Wang JJ, Yan C, Li ZQ, Pan X, Cui Y, Su T, Liu TS, Tang YX Tags: Chin Med J (Engl) Source Type: research

A New Method for Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) Imaging via Wavelet Decomposition-Dependented Edge Matching Interpolation
This study provides a new edge matching interpolation algorithm based on wavelet decomposition of CTA. It includes mark, scale and calculation (MSC). Combining the real clinical image data, this study mainly introduces how to search for proportional factor and use the root mean square operator to find a mean value. Furthermore, we re- synthesize the high frequency and low frequency parts of the processed image by wavelet inverse operation, and get the final interpolation image. MSC can make up for the shortage of the conventional Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) examination. The radiation absorp...
Source: Journal of Medical Systems - June 14, 2016 Category: Information Technology Source Type: research

Working memory, reasoning, and expertise in medicine —insights into their relationship using functional neuroimaging
AbstractClinical reasoning is dependent upon working memory (WM). More precisely, during the clinical reasoning process stored information within long-term memory is brought into WM to facilitate the internal deliberation that affords a clinician the ability to reason through a case. In the present study, we examined the relationship between clinical reasoning and WM while participants read clinical cases with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). More specifically, we examined the impact of clinical case difficulty (easy, hard) and clinician level of expertise (2nd year medical students, senior gastroenterologists...
Source: Advances in Health Sciences Education - November 24, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Source Type: research

New "choosing wisely" recommendations of inappropriate interventions: the perspective of general practioners in Switzerland.
CONCLUSION: The perspective of users (GPs) is crucial for the development of lists of potentially inappropriate interventions. In order to enhance the degree of identification with and adherence to the recommendations. The interventions suggested in our study could lead to further recommendations on interventions to be avoided in primary care, ideally in collaboration with the "Smarter medicine" campaign. Empathic communication with patients about harms and benefits of potentially inappropriate interventions is crucial for the implementation of this policy. PMID: 27987574 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Zeitschrift fur Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualitat im Gesundheitswesen - December 19, 2016 Category: Health Management Tags: Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes Source Type: research