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Infectious Disease: Tuberculosis

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Eosinophilia and predominant Th2 immune responses are rarely evident in disseminated tuberculosis
Conclusion: We could find no evidence of frequent asthma or heightened Th2 immunity (high blood eosinophils) in disseminated TB. It is possible that measuring blood counts at time of presentation is too late to detect any eosinophilia present earlier when they first acquired TB and failed to mount an early effective immune response. The eosinopaenia in these patients may reflect Th1 immune responses suppressing Th2 responses, and there is limited evidence that BCG vaccination may be able to suppress asthmatic inflammation.
Source: European Respiratory Journal - November 7, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Pfeffer, P., Burman, M., Milton, V., Naidu, V., Vaghela, D., Kunst, H. Tags: 10.2 Tuberculosis Source Type: research

Reaching consensus on drug resistance conferring mutations
Publication date: Available online 15 November 2016 Source:International Journal of Mycobacteriology Author(s): D.M. Cirillo, P. Miotto, E. Tagliani Molecular-based, rapid drug-susceptibility tests are needed to guide the appropriate use of new drugs and new therapeutic regimens at the programmatic level, and to prevent a further increase in the incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Experts have recognized the need for a global, curated, and standardized analysis and data-sharing platform that provides a one-stop data source for clinically relevant genotypic and phenotypic information on Mycobacterium tuberculosi...
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - November 14, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Can't raise one eye brow: does it ring any norwegian bells?
A 60 year old Nigerian man with diabetes who has lived in Europe for 30 years but regularly revisits Nigeria, presented with 6 months of numbness and weakness in all four limbs and recent right facial weakness. Examination revealed partial right facial and left ulnar nerve palsies with areflexia but no skin lesions. Neurophysiology showed multifocal mixed sensory-motor neuropathy with demyelinating features and prominent facial nerve involvement. He was found to be HIV positive. Subsequent examination revealed peripheral nerve thickening confirmed on limb MRI. Nerve biopsy showed chronic endoneuritis and perineuritis, but ...
Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry - November 14, 2016 Category: Neurosurgery Authors: Galtrey, C., Schon, F., Modarres, H., Rossor, A., Lockwood, D., Reilly, M., Manji, H. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Tropical medicine (infectious diseases), Neuropathology, Radiology, Surgical diagnostic tests ABN Annual Meeting, 17-19 May 2016, The Brighton Centre, Brighton Source Type: research

In This Issue This Week in PNAS
Tuberculosis evolution and armed conflict M. tuberculosis. Image courtesy of Flickr/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Lineage 2 (L2) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is spreading globally and has been associated with accelerated disease progression and increased drug resistance. Vegard Eldholm et al. (pp. 13881–13886) reconstructed the evolutionary history of an...
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - November 28, 2016 Category: Science Tags: In This Issue This Week in PNAS Source Type: research

Treatment of Tuberculosis — Adjuvant Therapies to Increase the Efficiency of Antibiotics
There is growing evidence that resistance toMycobacterium tuberculosis infection is governed in large part by the regulation of host cell death. Lipid mediators called eicosanoids are thought to play a central role in this process. The subject invention is a novel method of enhancing the efficacy of antibiotic treatments forMycobacterium tuberculosis infection by co-administering an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase and a COX-2 dependent prostaglandin. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and treatment with prostaglandin E2 results in alteration of the eicosanoid balance. The synergistic effects of altering the eicosanoid balance and tr...
Source: NIH OTT Licensing Opportunities - November 18, 2011 Category: Research Authors: ajoyprabhu3 Source Type: research

Serum zinc level in bronchial asthma
Conclusion Measurement of zinc level could be recommended in asthmatic adults. proper supplementations of zinc can be useful in the management of asthmatic patients due to increase the effect of antioxidant defense system. However, further multi-centre studies with greater number of patients are needed to warrant the results of this study.
Source: Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis - December 15, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Source Type: research

Enhancement and regulation effect of myrcene on antibody response in immunization with ovalbumin and Ag85B in mice
Conclusions: Myrcene enhanced specific immune responses against OVA and Ag85B. This study suggested the tendency of the enhancement of Th1 immune response by myrcene.Key words: Ag85B, adjuvant, antigen-specific immune response, myrcene, ovalbumin
Source: Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology - August 7, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Bletilla striata: Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities
Conclusions Preliminary investigations on pharmacological properties of B. striata have shown that B. striata is an outstanding astringent hemostatic medicinal, B. striata polysaccharides (BSP) as the major bioactive components not only capable of promoting wound healing, but also show good performance as a kind of promising natural biomaterial. More importantly, BSP are also reported to be excellent embolic material. However, further investigations need to be carried out to fully clarify its efficacy of dispersing swelling and promoting tissue regeneration. Moreover, this plant also needs a lot more investigations to clar...
Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology - December 24, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Effect of immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy on risk of severe bacterial infections in HIV-positive people with CD4 cell counts of more than 500 cells per μL: secondary outcome results from a randomised controlled trial
This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00867048. Findings Patients were recruited from April 15, 2009, to Dec 23, 2013. The data cutoff for follow-up was May 26, 2015. Of 4685 HIV-positive people enrolled, 120 had severe bacterial infections (immediate-initiation group n=34, deferred-initiation group n=86; median 2·8 years of follow-up). Immediate ART was associated with a reduced risk of severe bacterial infection compared with deferred ART (hazard ratio [HR] 0·39, 95% CI 0·26–0·57, p<0·0001). In the immediate-initiation group, average neutrophil count over follow-up was 321 cells per μ...
Source: The Lancet HIV - January 4, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Adalimumab long-term safety: infections, vaccination response and pregnancy outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Conclusions This analysis confirms and expands the known safety profile of adalimumab and reports no additional safety risk of laboratory abnormalities, hepatitis B reactivation and pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous abortions and birth defects. The benefits of influenza vaccination are reinforced. Trial registration numbers NCT00195663, NCT00195702, NCT00448383, NCT00049751, NCT00234845, NCT00650390, NCT00235859, NCT00647920, NCT00649545, NCT00647491, NCT00649922, NCT00538902, NCT00420927, NCT00870467, NCT00650156, NCT00647270, NCT01185288, NCT01185301.
Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases - January 9, 2017 Category: Rheumatology Authors: Burmester, G. R., Landewe, R., Genovese, M. C., Friedman, A. W., Pfeifer, N. D., Varothai, N. A., Lacerda, A. P. Tags: Open access, Immunology (including allergy), Travel medicine, Connective tissue disease, Degenerative joint disease, Musculoskeletal syndromes, Rheumatoid arthritis Clinical and epidemiological research Source Type: research

Reaching consensus on drug resistance conferring mutations (Part 1)
Conclusions ReSeqTB serves as a single repository for the compilation, curation, and validation of existing and newly created sequences and metadata on M. tuberculosis strains and will use the currently reviewed data set, validated by international experts, as a starting point until sufficient new sequence data are accumulated. This initiative is supported by a global partnership of academic institutions, public health agencies, and nongovernmental organizations including the Critical Path Institute, FIND, the World Health Organization, the New Diagnostics Working Group, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,...
Source: International Journal of Mycobacteriology - January 11, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Carl Prausnitz Giles – family doctor and father of reagin detection
AbstractDr. Carl Prausnitz Giles was born in Hamburg, Germany in 1876, the son of Otto Prausnitz, a Physician in the army reserve of the King of Prussia and Edith Giles, daughter of George and Elizabeth Giles of Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. Carl qualified in Medicine at the Universities of Leipzig, Kiel and Breslau. He began work at the Hamburg Hygiene Institute, undertaking diagnostic work on cholera, plague, typhoid, diphtheria and tuberculosis. Carl frequently visited his mother ’s home in Bonchurch and became proficient in both German and English and obtained British medical qualifications, MRCS. LR...
Source: Allergo Journal International - January 16, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Serial QuantiFERON testing and tuberculosis disease risk among young children: an observational cohort study
Publication date: Available online 16 February 2017 Source:The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Author(s): Jason R Andrews, Elisa Nemes, Michele Tameris, Bernard S Landry, Hassan Mahomed, J Bruce McClain, Helen A Fletcher, Willem A Hanekom, Robin Wood, Helen McShane, Thomas J Scriba, Mark Hatherill Background The value of quantitative interferon-γ release assay results for predicting progression from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to active disease is unknown. We aimed to investigate the relation between QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) conversion interferon-γ values and risk of subsequent active tuberculosis disease ...
Source: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine - February 15, 2017 Category: Respiratory Medicine Source Type: research

BCG vaccination at birth and early childhood hospitalisation: a randomised clinical multicentre trial
Conclusions BCG vaccination at birth did not reduce the risk of hospitalisation for somatic acquired disease until 15 months of age in this Danish study population. Trial registration number NCT01694108, results.
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - February 16, 2017 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Stensballe, L. G., Sorup, S., Aaby, P., Benn, C. S., Greisen, G., Jeppesen, D. L., Birk, N. M., Kjaergaard, J., Nissen, T. N., Pihl, G. T., Thostesen, L. M., Kofoed, P.-E., Pryds, O., Ravn, H. Tags: Open access, Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, Vaccination / immunisation, Pregnancy, Reproductive medicine, Child health Original article Source Type: research

Inhibition of Host Heme Oxygenase-1 as an Adjunctive Treatment to Improve the Outcome of Conventional Antibiotic Chemotherapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) Infection
This invention describes the adjunctive use of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitors to improve the outcome of conventional antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis. The existent standard of care requires prolonged administration of drug. Due to the long duration of treatment, methods that can more rapidly control tuberculosis in patients are clearly needed.NIAID researchers have discovered that inhibition of host HO-1 reducesMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth in vivo and, more importantly, when used as an adjunct to conventional chemotherapy, results in a marked improvement in pulmonary bacterial control. In particular, it...
Source: NIH OTT Licensing Opportunities - March 1, 2017 Category: Research Authors: ajoyprabhu3 Source Type: research