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Shoulder Rehabilitation Protocol and Equipment Fit Recommendations for the Wheelchair Sport Athlete With Shoulder Pain
Shoulder injuries in wheelchair sport athletes is the most commonly reported injury site and can directly impact not only sport performance, but everyday function and mobility. There is abundant research on shoulder rehabilitation for able bodied athletes, but minimal specifically related to wheelchair sport athletes. The purpose of this paper is to outline an exercise protocol and wheelchair sport equipment fit guidelines based off current research and expert opinion. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of a wheelchair athlete specific shoulder rehabilitation protocol, and biomechanical analysis of ideal wheel...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 2, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Bone Health in Adaptive Sports Athletes
Adaptive sports athletes represent a growing population within the athletic community worldwide. Given potential cardiometabolic and psychosocial benefits of adaptive sports participation, the impact on bone health and injury risk in adaptive athletes is of increasing clinical interest. Impaired bone health as a result of low energy availability has been well described in able-bodied athletic women and, more recently, men as part of the female athlete triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). However, the applicability of these models to adaptive athletes remains unclear given altered physiology and biomechani...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 2, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Winter Adaptive Sports Participation, Injuries, and Equipment
As the participation rate and popularity of winter adaptive sports increases, understanding injury patterns and equipment is crucial for athletes, coaches, athletic trainers, sports physicians, prosthetists/orthotists, and all the staff involved. While the inaugural Winter Paralympics in 1976 had 17 participating countries, the most recent paralympic games in Pyeongchang, South Korea had>500 athletes from 49 different countries competing in 6 disciplines: alpine skiing, nordic skiing, sledge hockey, wheelchair curling, biathlon, and snowboarding. In this paper, we review participation rates, injury trends and equipment, wi...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 2, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Summer Adaptive Sports Technology, Equipment, and Injuries
As adaptive sports grow in popularity, it is increasingly important to understand the injuries for which their athletes are at risk. This population is challenging to study given its small size and diversity of its participants; accordingly, research is mostly low quality because of limited sample sizes and study durations. Summer adaptive sports account for 22 of 28 Paralympic sports, with the most frequently studied being wheelchair basketball, rugby, tennis, athletics, swimming, and soccer. Injuries vary by sport because of differences in contact level, limbs utilized, and athlete impairments. Equipment changes and tech...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 2, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Shoulder Pain and the Weight-bearing Shoulder in the Wheelchair Athlete
Shoulder pain is one of the most common complaints amongst wheelchair athletes. There are many debated potential risk factors for shoulder pain in this population including inherent anatomy, increased loading forces, overuse, age, wheelchair use duration, trunk control, and sport played. Proper identification of etiology of shoulder pain with a thorough history and physical examination is important for management purposes. Treatment can be challenging as complete rest from exacerbating activities is often difficult as upper extremity use is necessary for everyday life activities such as mobility and transfers. Addition of ...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 2, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Adaptive Sports Injury Epidemiology
The benefit of sport for athletes with impairments is well established. However, sport participation is not without risk. The existing literature informs us that injury patterns are sport and disability specific. Further research is needed to study injuries in this population. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 2, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Digital Exclusive Source Type: research

Adaptive Sports and the Warrior Athlete
No abstract available (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 2, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

The Effects of Endurance Sports on Children and Youth
In the United States, youth participation in sports continues to increase yearly. This increase in participation, in conjunction with the trend toward early sports specialization and year round training, has led to a similar increase in athletically developed injuries. These injuries vary in nature and acuity, with the type of injury often related to the athlete’s age, sport, and level of training. Endurance athletes are at an elevated risk of injury as they frequently push their body to the limit during their arduous training. Pediatric endurance athletes can be particularly vulnerable, especially to overuse injuries, g...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 3, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Depression in Ultra-endurance Athletes, A Review and Recommendations
This article will review depression in the endurance athlete and approaches in treatment in that population. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 3, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Common and Uncommon Injuries in Ultra-endurance Sports
Ultra-endurance sports are associated with prolonged physical exercise both during training and competition. Musculoskeletal injuries are common as a result of the repetitive physical stresses. Stress fractures in the weight-bearing bones should always be suspected when ultra-endurance athletes present with pain over bony structures. Most stress fractures can be treated with activity modifications but some such as femoral neck and tibial shaft stress fractures may require operative fixation. The knee seems to be the most frequent source of injuries in ultra-endurance athletes. Patellofemoral symptoms from tendon injuries o...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 3, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Cardiac Risk of Extreme Exercise
Habitual moderate intensity exercise is a vital component of a healthy lifestyle. For most of the population, increasing exercise duration and intensity beyond current recommendations appears to impart additional cardiovascular benefits; however, recent data has raised the possibility of an inflection point after which additional exercise no longer imparts benefit and may even result in negative cardiovascular outcomes. Exercise at the extremes of human endurance places a large hemodynamic stress on the heart and results in occasionally profound cardiac remodeling in order to accommodate the huge increases in cardiac outpu...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 3, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Digital Exclusive Source Type: research

Fueling and Recovery
As ultra-endurance races continue to rise in popularity, it is critical that athletes understand how to nourish their bodies with proper amounts of calories from carbohydrate, protein, and fat. The importance of carbohydrate for fueling endurance exercise and protein for recovery is well established; however, the role of fat is debated. Specific amounts of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight are recommended for before, during, and after ultra-endurance exercise. Total grams of protein per day and after exercise are established. After carbohydrate and protein needs are determined the balance of calories typically come ...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 3, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

The Physiology and Biomechanics of the Master Runner
The Master runner (age 35 y and above) represents a unique athletic patient. Lifelong participation in endurance running slows the inevitable age-related decline in aerobic function and muscular strength. Still, the Master runner does not escape the inevitable effects of aging. Master runners experience a steady decline in running performance, that is, typical and maximal running speeds, after the age of 50 years of age. Age-related declines in running performance are driven by a host of factors, including declining cardiovascular function, reduced muscular capacity, altered biomechanics, and greater susceptibility to ru...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 3, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Proper Hydration During Ultra-endurance Activities
The health and performance of ultra-endurance athletes is dependent on avoidance of performance limiting hypohydration while also avoiding the potentially fatal consequences of exercise-associated hyponatremia due to overhydration. In this work, key factors related to maintaining proper hydration during ultra-endurance activities are discussed. In general, proper hydration need not be complicated and has been well demonstrated to be achieved by simply drinking to thirst and consuming a typical race diet during ultra-endurance events without need for supplemental sodium. As body mass is lost from oxidation of stored fuel, a...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 3, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Participation Trends of Ultra Endurance Events
Ultra endurance events are defined as sporting activities lasting>6 hours and include events such as ultramarathon foot races, ultra triathlons, ultra distance swimming, ultra cycling, and cross-country skiing. Popularity in these events has risen especially over the last 25 years with increasing participation notably in ultramarathon races where an exponential increase in participation has been observed. This is in large part due to the increasing popularity and participation of women and master athletes in these events. Other endurance sports have seen similar increases but overall numbers are much lower compared with ul...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 3, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research