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Complications in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Related Surgery
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury, especially in isolation, is a less frequent injury than injury to the anterior cruciate ligament and other ligaments of knee. In addition, the complex injury patterns involving the PCL, the technically demanding nature of surgical treatments, the anatomic proximity to vital neurovascular structures and the controversy surrounding optimal management of PCL injuries, make these injuries and their treatment potentially prone to more complications. This chapter will review the common complications of PCL injuries and related surgery. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - December 31, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Arthroscopic Posterior Cruciate Ligament Primary Repair
Injury to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is most commonly seen in the setting of a multiligamentous injured knee, and isolated PCL tears are rare. PCL injuries are generally treated either conservatively or by PCL reconstruction using a graft. If a proximal or distal tear is present, the injured ligament can also be treated by primary repair, in which the ligament is reattached to the tibial or femoral insertion. This has the (theoretical) advantages of preserving the native tissue, maintaining proprioception, and can be performed in a less invasive way when compared with reconstruction surgery. In this review, the ...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - December 31, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Posterior Cruciate Ligament All-Inside Reconstruction
Several techniques for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction have been described. Reported clinical outcomes for the various techniques are often affected by concomitant injuries. Therefore, the optimal surgical technique choice remains controversial. Variations include transtibial versus tibial inlay, single-bundle versus double-bundle, and autograft versus allograft. The all-inside technique has recently been described as a transtibial method that uses adjustable loop suspensory fixation through sockets rather than tunnels on both the femur and tibia. This technique preserves more bone and may decrease the ris...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - December 31, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Tibial Inlay Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament is typically made through either tibial inlay or transtibial methods. Double-bundle reconstruction can be combined with either technique and has clear biomechanical advantages. On the basis of prior evidence and the author’s own surgical experiences, this technique paper provides the reasoning for using these methods. Further evidence and reasoning is given for when to use the inlay technique rather than the transtibial technique for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - December 31, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

PCL Transtibial Tunnel Reconstruction
The keys to successful posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction are to identify and treat all pathology, use strong graft material, accurately place tunnels in anatomic insertion sites, minimize graft bending, mechanical graft tensioning, secure graft fixation, and the appropriate postoperative rehabilitation program. Adherence to these technical principles results in successful single and double bundle arthroscopic transtibial tunnel PCL reconstruction based upon stress radiography, arthrometer, knee ligament rating scales, and patient satisfaction measurements. The purpose of this article is to describe the arthr...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - December 31, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Diagnosing PCL Injuries: History, Physical Examination, Imaging Studies, Arthroscopic Evaluation
Isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are uncommon and can be easily missed with physical examination. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the clinical, diagnostic and arthroscopic evaluation of a PCL injured knee. There are some specific injury mechanisms that can cause a PCL including the dashboard direct anterior blow and hyperflexion mechanisms. During the diagnostic process it is important to distinguish between an isolated or multiligament injury and whether the problem is acute or chronic. Physical examination can be difficult in an acutely injured knee because of pain and swelling, b...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - December 31, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Their Surgical Implications
Knowledge and understanding of the complex anatomy and biomechanical function of the native posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is vitally important when evaluating PCL injury and possible reconstruction. The PCL has important relationships with the anterior cruciate ligament, menisci, tibial spines, ligament of Humphrey, ligament of Wrisberg, and the posterior neurovascular structures. Through various experimental designs, the biomechanical role of the PCL has been elucidated. The PCL has its most well-defined role as a primary restraint/stabilizer to posterior stress and it seems this role is greatest at higher degrees of ...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - December 31, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Digital Exclusive Source Type: research

Posterior Cruciate Ligament
No abstract available (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - December 31, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Subject Index
No abstract available (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - November 5, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Subject Index: PDF Only Source Type: research

Author Index
No abstract available (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - November 5, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Author Index: PDF Only Source Type: research

Pediatric Management of Recurrent Patellar Instability
This article discusses various risk factors associated with patellofemoral instability, reconstruction techniques, and a case example. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - November 5, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

When and How I Add Trochleoplasty in the Treatment of Recurrent Patella Instability
Long experience and recent evidence suggest that trochleoplasty is needed in very few patella stabilization surgeries. As trochleoplasty adds risk, this author recommends it only in patients with high degrees of dysplasia, prominent supratrochlear spurs, ligamentous laxity, and more dramatic J signs. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - November 5, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Commentary Source Type: research

When is Trochleoplasty a Rational Addition?
Trochlear dysplasia has been recognized as a dominant anatomic risk factor in patients with recurrent patellar instability. Sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty is a very effective and powerful procedure for correcting trochlear dysplasia and, specifically, eliminating the supratrochlear spur. However, it must be emphasized that trochleoplasty is not appropriate for patients with mild trochlear dysplasia or those without a large supratrochlear spur or bump. We discuss the characteristics and classification of trochlear dysplasia and discuss specific indications for sulcusdeepening trochleoplasty. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - November 5, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

When to Add Lateral Soft Tissue Balancing?
Lateral patellofemoral (PF) soft tissue abnormalities range from excessive lateral PF tightness (lateral patellar compression syndrome, lateral patellar instability and arthritis), to excessive laxity (iatrogenic lateral PF soft tissue insufficiency postlateral release). The lateral soft tissue complex is composed of the iliotibial band extension to the patella, the vastus lateralis tendon, the lateral PF ligament, lateral patellotibial ligament, and lateral patellomeniscal ligament, with intimate connections between those structures. To identify lateral retinaculum tightness or insufficiency the most important tests are t...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - November 5, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Digital Exclusive Source Type: research

Why and Where to Move the Tibial Tubercle: Indications and Techniques for Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy
This article will review the indications for performing a TTT and highlight the various techniques. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - November 5, 2019 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research