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Alternatives to Biologics in Management of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review
Conclusion: There is moderate supportive evidence for the effectiveness of prolotherapy in improving pain and function in both, short-term and long-term. Limited supporting evidence found for botulinum toxin type A, sodium bicarbonate and calcium gluconate, and low–molecular weight fraction of 5% human serum albumin in improving pain and function. There is conflicting evidence for the use of local anesthetic agents in patients with KOA. (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

ACL Allograft: Advantages and When to Use
It is commonly recommended to reconstruct a torn anterior cruciate ligament in active patients; however, there is no consensus concerning the tissue source to use for the reconstruction. Bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring (semitendinosis +/− gracilis) autografts are most commonly used, with allografts being another option. Each tissue has its pros and cons, with allografts often cited as having higher failure rates. However, review of the literature comparing autografts and allografts have showed similar outcomes in age-matched adult populations. Some authors have had particular concern with using allografts in pati...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells: Salient Features and Possible Therapeutic Role
This is a study of amniotic epithelial cells, which form the innermost layer of the amniotic membrane. These cells can be easily isolated and display peculiar and unique properties, such as plasticity and differentiation potential toward the 3 germinal layers, that may aid regeneration and/or repair of damaged or diseased tissues and organs. A robust literature based on in vitro, experimental, and clinical studies in large animals demonstrates that these cells can enhance the regeneration of tendons, bone, and articular cartilage. On the basis of these considerations, allotransplantation of human amniotic epithelial cells ...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Microcapsule Technology for Controlled Growth Factor Release in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering strategies have relied on engineered 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide architectural templates that can mimic the native cell environment. Among the several technologies proposed for the fabrication of 3D scaffold, that can be attractive for stem cell cultivation and differentiation, moulding or bioplotting of hydrogels allow the stratification of layers loaded with cells and with specific additives to obtain a predefined microstructural organization. Particularly with bioplotting technology, living cells, named bio-ink, and additives, such as biopolymer microdevices/nanodevices for the controlled ...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Digital Exclusive Source Type: research

Making Them Commit: Strategies to Influence Phenotypic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Tendon injuries, bone defects, and cartilage defects are complex clinical conditions leading to pain and dysfunctions. Tendon, bone, and cartilage are highly specialized and organized tissues, and the self-healing may be limited by their histologic features, or impaired by the local conditions. Furthermore, the resultant tissue often shows inferior properties compared with native tissue, leading to high rates of reruptures and revision surgeries. A growing field of research has explored tendon, bone, and cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because of their multipotency, and because they are relative...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Platelet-rich Plasma and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Exciting, But … are we there Yet?
We describe the main characteristics of cellular products (bone marrow concentrate, stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from these tissues), and the potential benefits of combination with PRP in 3 scenarios: PRP lysates used during laboratory cell expansion; PRP to prime cellular products or the host tissue before cell implantation; PRP used as a vehicle for cell transplantation and to provide trophic signals. Clinical studies exploring the benefits of combination products are limited to case series and few controlled studies, involving either arthroscopy or percutaneous ...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Cell Therapies in Tendon, Ligament, and Musculoskeletal System Repair
In the last few decades, several techniques have been used to optimize tendon, ligament, and musculoskeletal healing. The evidence in favor of these techniques is still not proven, and level I studies are lacking. We performed an analysis of the therapeutic strategies and tissue engineering projects recently published in this field. Here, we try to give an insight into the current status of cell therapies and the latest techniques of bioengineering applied to the field of orthopedic surgery. The future areas for research in the management of musculoskeletal injuries are outlined. There are emerging technologies developing ...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

PRP as an Adjunct to Rotator Cuff Tendon Repair
Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a commonly performed repair. Technical developments provide surgeons the tools to create biomechanically robust repairs. How can the biological response mirror the strong and stable surgery? Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a supraphysiological platelet concentration which may positively augment rotator cuff healing. Not all PRPs are the same. High leukocyte levels and thrombin activation may be detrimental to tendon healing. Thrombin activation triggers an immediate release of growth factors and may actually inhibit some parts of the healing response. Clear differences exist between liquid...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Biological Therapies in Orthopedic Sports Medicine
No abstract available (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - May 9, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Historical Perspectives from Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 25 Top Cited Articles 1993-2017
No abstract available (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - March 1, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Abstracts: PDF Only Source Type: research

Articular Cartilage: Injury Pathways and Treatment Options
Articular cartilage injury and degeneration is a frequent occurrence in synovial joints. Treatment of these articular cartilage lesions are a challenge because this tissue is incapable of quality repair and/or regeneration to its native state. Nonoperative treatments endeavor to control symptoms, and include anti-inflammatory medication, viscosupplementation, bracing, orthotics, and activity modification. Techniques to stimulate the intrinsic repair (fibrocartilage) process include drilling, abrasion, and microfracture of the subchondral bone. Currently, the clinical biologic approaches to treat cartilage defects include a...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 17, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Achilles Tendinopathy
Achilles tendinopathy is a common cause of disability. Despite the economic and social relevance of the problem, the causes and mechanisms of Achilles tendinopathy remain unclear. Tendon vascularity, gastrocnemius-soleus dysfunction, age, sex, body weight and height, pes cavus, and lateral ankle instability are considered common intrinsic factors. The essence of Achilles tendinopathy is a failed healing response, with haphazard proliferation of tenocytes, some evidence of degeneration in tendon cells and disruption of collagen fibers, and subsequent increase in noncollagenous matrix. Tendinopathic tendons have an increased...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 17, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Osteotomies in Patello-Femoral Instabilities
Patellar instability is defined by clinical and radiologic criteria. The surgical treatment is aimed at restoring the congruence of the patellofemoral articulation and correcting extensor mechanism malalignment, to prevent recurrence of dislocation. The standard soft-tissue procedures are lateral release and vastus medialis advancement and medial patello femoral ligament plasty. Bony procedures are frequently performed in addition to soft-tissue surgery, to realign the extensor mechanism by means of tibial tubercle medialization, or to correct the patellar index in patella alta. In a smaller number of patients, the trochle...
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 17, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Historical Perspectives from Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 25 Top Cited Articles 1993-2017
No abstract available (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 17, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Abstracts: PDF Only Source Type: research

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review (Issue 1 Editorial)
No abstract available (Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review)
Source: Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review - January 17, 2018 Category: Sports Medicine Tags: Digital Exclusive Source Type: research