Finite Antiviral Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Cirrhosis
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729973Antiviral therapy has greatly improved the survival and reduced the incidence of adverse liver events such as hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis (hepatitis B virus [HBV]-cirrhosis). However, hepatitis B surface antigen loss, regarded as the ultimate goal of therapy or functional cure, was rarely achieved during long-term indefinite nucleos(t)ide analogues (Nuc) treatment. Emerging issues such as medication adherence and loss-to-follow-up may lead to increased risk of hepatic decompensation, even catastrophic life-thre...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 28, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Jeng, Wen-Juei Liaw, Yun-Fan Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
MRGPRX4 in Cholestatic Pruritus
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730923Pruritus (itch) is a debilitating symptom in liver diseases with cholestasis, which severely affects patients' quality of life. Limited treatment options are available for cholestatic itch, largely due to the incomplete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Several factors have been proposed as pruritogens for cholestatic itch, such as bile acids, bilirubin, lysophosphatidic acid, and endogenous opioids. Recently, two research groups independently identified Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X4 (MRGPRX4) as a receptor for bile acids and bilirubin and demonstra...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Yu, Huasheng Wangensteen, Kirk Deng, Tong Li, Yulong Luo, Wenqin Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Application of Risk Scores for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B: Current Status and Future Perspective
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730924Accurate risk prediction for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may guide treatment strategies including initiation of antiviral therapy and also inform implementation of HCC surveillance. There have been 26 risk scores developed to predict HCC in CHB patients with (n = 14) or without (n = 12) receiving antiviral treatment; all of them invariably include age in the scoring formula. Virological biomarkers of replicative activities (i.e., hepatitis B virus DNA level or hepatitis B envelope antigen status) are frequently included in t...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Hsu, Yao-Chun Tseng, Cheng-Hao Huang, Yen-Tsung Yang, Hwai-I Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730925Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a rare but severe zoonosis caused by the pseudotumoral intrahepatic development of the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. HAE is present only in the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in China. Currently, there is a significant resurgence of cases in historically endemic areas associated with emergence of HAE in countries not previously concerned. Today, in European countries, HAE is often discovered by chance; however, clinicians should be made aware of opportunistic infections that progressively emerged recently as ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Bresson-Hadni, Solange Spahr, Laurent Chappuis, Fran çois Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Effects of Mediterranean Diet in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723751We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of the Mediterranean Diet (Med-Diet) on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Six randomized controlled trials were selected for the meta-analysis (sample size: 250 participants). In the meta-analysis, there was no significant difference in body mass index and waist circumference between the Med-Diet and control groups. Med-Diet significantly reduced fatty liver index (FLI) compared with the control diet (standard mean difference [SMD]: –1.06; 95% CI: –1.95 to ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 19, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Kawaguchi, Takumi Charlton, Michael Kawaguchi, Atsushi Yamamura, Sakura Nakano, Dan Tsutsumi, Tsubasa Zafer, Maryam Torimura, Takuji Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Dietary Treatment for NAFLD: New Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence and Updated Recommendations
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729971The key factor in preventing and treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a holistic lifestyle modification approach, encompassing diet based on healthy eating patterns of unprocessed foods, exercise, balanced drinking, and smoking habits. The Mediterranean diet and other healthy dietary patterns can reduce liver fat and may be related with lower disease progression. The type of diet should be tailored to the patient's cultural and personal preferences. Changing dietary composition without reducing caloric intake may offer an additional and sometimes more feasible alte...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 17, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Zelber-Sagi, Shira Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Bioengineered Liver Models for Investigating Disease Pathogenesis and Regenerative Medicine
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731016Owing to species-specific differences in liver pathways, in vitro human liver models are utilized for elucidating mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis, drug development, and regenerative medicine. To mitigate limitations with de-differentiated cultures, bioengineers have developed advanced techniques/platforms, including micropatterned cocultures, spheroids/organoids, bioprinting, and microfluidic devices, for perfusing cell cultures and liver slices. Such techniques improve mature functions and culture lifetime of primary and stem-cell human liver cells. Furthermore, bioeng...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 17, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Kukla, David A. Khetani, Salman R. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Adjuvant versus Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Clinical and Immunologic Perspectives
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730949Advancement in systemic therapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combination regimens, has transformed the treatment landscape for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The advancement in systemic therapy also provides new opportunities of reducing recurrence after curative therapy through adjuvant therapy or improving resectability through neoadjuvant therapy. Improved recurrence-free survival by adjuvant or neoadjuvant ICI-based therapy has been reported in other cancer types. In this article, developments of systemic therapy in adjuvant and...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 15, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Su, Yung-Yeh Li, Chia-Chen Lin, Yih-Jyh Hsu, Chiun Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Current and Evolving Indications for Simultaneous Liver Kidney Transplantation
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729969This review will discuss the etiologies of kidney disease in liver transplant candidates, provide a historical background of the prior evolution of simultaneous liver–kidney (SLK) transplant indications, discuss the current indications for SLK including Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network policies and Model for End Stage Liver Disease exception points, as well as provide an overview of the safety net kidney transplant policy. Finally, the authors explore unanswered questions and future research needed in SLK transplantation. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Se...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 15, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Nilles, Kathy M. Levitsky, Josh Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Toward a Liver Cell Atlas: Understanding Liver Biology in Health and Disease at Single-Cell Resolution
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729970Single-cell technologies are revolutionizing our understanding of cellular heterogeneity and functional diversity in health and disease. Here, we review the current knowledge and advances in liver biology using single-cell approaches. We focus on the landscape of the composition and the function of cells in a healthy liver in the context of its spatial organization. We also highlight the alterations of the molecular landscape in chronic liver disease and liver cancer, which includes the identification of disease-related cell types, altered cellular functions, dynamic cell–cell i...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 15, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Ma, Lichun Khatib, Subreen Craig, Amanda J. Wang, Xin Wei Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Interleukin-17 in Liver Disease Pathogenesis
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730926Interleukin 17A (IL-17A)-producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells were identified as a subset of T helper cells that play a critical role in host defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Th17 cells differentiate from Th0 naïve T-cells in response to transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and IL-6, the cytokines which also drive development of liver fibrosis, require activation of transcription factor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma t (RORγt). IL-17A signals through the ubiquitously expressed receptor IL-17RA. Expression of IL-17RA is upregulated i...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 15, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Li, Na Yamamoto, Gen Fuji, Hiroaki Kisseleva, Tatiana Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Drug-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis and Therapeutics
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729972The most concerned issue in the context of drug/herb-induced chronic cholestasis is vanishing bile duct syndrome. The progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts leading to ductopenia is usually not dose dependent, and has a delayed onset that should be suspected when abnormal serum cholestasis enzyme levels persist despite drug withdrawal. Immune-mediated cholangiocyte injury, direct cholangiocyte damage by drugs or their metabolites once in bile, and sustained exposure to toxic bile salts when biliary epithelium protective defenses are impaired are the main mechanisms of ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 15, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Bessone, Fernando Hern ández, Nidia Tanno, Mario Roma, Marcelo G. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Overlapping Mechanisms
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725022Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) denotes a condition with excess fat in the liver. The prevalence of NAFLD is increasing, averaging > 25% of the Western population. In 25% of the patients, NAFLD progresses to its more severe form: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and >25% of these progress to cirrhosis following activation of inflammatory and fibrotic processes. NAFLD is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome and represents a considerable and increasing health burden. In the near future, NAFLD cirrhosis is expected to be the most common ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - May 15, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: M øller, Søren Kimer, Nina Kronborg, Thit Grandt, Josephine Hove, Jens Dahlgaard Barl øse, Mads Gluud, Lise Lotte Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The Inside-Out of End-Stage Liver Disease: Hepatocytes are the Keystone
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725023Chronic liver injury results in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease (ESLD) which represents a leading cause of death worldwide, affecting people in their most productive years of life. Medical therapy can extend life, but the only definitive treatment is liver transplantation (LT). However, LT remains limited by access to quality donor organs and suboptimal long-term outcomes. The degeneration from healthy-functioning livers to cirrhosis and ESLD involves a dynamic process of hepatocyte damage, diminished hepatic function, and adaptation. However, the mechanisms responsible for ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - May 15, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Haep, Nils Florentino, Rodrigo M. Squires, James E. Bell, Aaron Soto-Gutierrez, Alejandro Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The Current Status of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor to Treat Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723034Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) have a devastating prognosis and therapeutic options are limited. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilizes immune and stem cells and possess immune-modulatory and proregenerative capacities. In this review, we aim to define the current evidence for the treatment with G-CSF in end-stage liver disease. Several smaller clinical trials in patients with different severity grades of end-stage liver disease have shown that G-CSF improves survival and reduces the rate of complications. Adequately powered multicenter Europe...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - May 15, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Engelmann, Cornelius Martino, Vincent Di Kerbert, Annarein J.C. Weil-Verhoeven, Delphine Aehling, Niklas Friedemann Herber, Adam Th évenot, Thierry Berg, Thomas Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
