Donation after Circulatory Death: Potential Mechanisms of Injury and Preventative Strategies
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709487Donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors represent a potential means to help address the disparity between the number of patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT) and the availability of donor livers. While initial enthusiasm for DCD LT was high in the early 2000s, early reports of high rates of biliary complications and inferior graft survival resulted in reluctance among many transplant centers to use DCD liver grafts. As with all innovations in transplant practice, there is undoubtedly a learning curve associated with the optimal utilization of liver grafts from DCD don...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 17, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Croome, Kristopher P. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Machine Perfusion: Cold versus Warm, versus Neither. Update on Clinical Trials
We describe the different perfusion protocols, pitfalls in MP study design, and provide future perspectives. Recent trials in liver MP have revealed unique challenges beyond those seen in most clinical studies. Randomized trials, correct trial design, and interpretation of data are essential to generate the data necessary to prove if MP will be the new gold standard method of liver preservation. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.Article in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 17, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Bonaccorsi-Riani, E. Br üggenwirth, I.M.A. Buchwald, J.E. Iesari, S. Martins, P.N. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Short Telomeres: Cause and Consequence in Liver Disease
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713007Short telomere syndrome is a genetically inherited syndrome resulting in premature telomere shortening. This premature shortening of telomeres can result in hematologic, pulmonary, vascular, gastrointestinal, and hepatic manifestations of disease. Identifying patients with short telomere syndrome can be a clinical challenge due to the multitude of potential manifestations and lack of widely available diagnostic tests. In this review, we will highlight hepatic manifestations of short telomere syndrome with a focus on diagnosis, testing, and potential treatments. [...] Thieme Medica...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 10, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Penrice, Daniel D Simonetto, Douglas A Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708540Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic hepatitis (ASH) are advanced forms of fatty liver diseases that are associated with a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Patients with ASH or NASH are more susceptible to the progression of fibrosis and cirrhosis up to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there are limited medical therapies available. Accompanied by the asymptomatic disease progression, the demand for liver transplants is high. This review provides an overview about the growing evidence for a central role of NLR family pyrin domain containin...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 10, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Knorr, Jana Wree, Alexander Tacke, Frank Feldstein, Ariel E. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Promoting Kinases
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713115Nonalcoholic hepatitis (NASH) is the progressive inflammatory form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the mechanisms of hepatic inflammation in NASH remain incompletely understood, emerging literature implicates the proinflammatory environment created by toxic lipid-induced hepatocyte injury, termed lipotoxicity. Interestingly, numerous NASH-promoting kinases in hepatocytes, immune cells, and adipocytes are activated by the lipotoxic insult associated with obesity. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in NASH-promoting kinases as disease mediators and thera...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 10, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Ibrahim, Samar H. Hirsova, Petra Malhi, Harmeet Gores, Gregory J. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Hepatobiliary Differentiation: Principles from Embryonic Liver Development
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709679Hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs), the two endodermal cell types of the liver, originate from progenitor cells called hepatoblasts. Based principally on in vitro data, hepatoblasts are thought to be bipotent stem cells with the potential to produce both hepatocytes and BECs. However, robust in vivo evidence for this model has only recently emerged. We examine the molecular mechanisms that stimulate hepatoblast differentiation into hepatocytes or BECs. In the absence of extrinsic cues, the default fate of hepatoblasts is hepatocyte differentiation. Inductive cues from...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 10, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Freeburg, Scott H. Goessling, Wolfram Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Hepatitis C Virus Treatment in Children: A Challenge for Hepatitis C Virus Elimination
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708812Hepatitis C is a global public health threat. The introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) brings the prospect of curing the 71 million people living with the disease, dramatically changing the landscape of hepatitis C. The World Health Organization developed a roadmap for the elimination and cure of hepatitis C by 2030 with a clear goal with measurable targets. However, there is a lack of a well-defined strategy to tackle the hepatitis C virus (HCV) problem in children and adolescents vis-à-vis the adult population. Hepatitis C in children and adolescents can be addressed...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 10, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: El-Sayed, Manal H. Indolfi, Giuseppe Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Noninvasive Tests in the Assessment of NASH and NAFLD Fibrosis: Now and Into the Future
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713006Noninvasive serum and imaging methods offer accessible, accurate, and safe assessment of fibrosis severity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In contrast, current serum and imaging methods for the prediction of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are not sufficiently accurate for routine clinical use. Serum fibrosis markers that incorporate direct measures of fibrogenesis (for example, hyaluronic acid) or fibrinolysis are generally more accurate than biomarkers not incorporating direct measures of fibrogenesis. Elastography methods are more accurate than serum markers for fibrosis asse...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 10, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Adams, Leon A. Chan, Wah-Kheong Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Hepatic Stellate Cell –Macrophage Crosstalk in Liver Fibrosis and Carcinogenesis
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708876Chronic liver injury due to viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and metabolic disorders is a worldwide health concern. Insufficient treatment of chronic liver injury leads to fibrosis, causing liver dysfunction and carcinogenesis. Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develop in the fibrotic liver. Pathological features of liver fibrosis include extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, mesenchymal cell activation, immune deregulation, and angiogenesis, all of which contribute to the precancerous environment, supporting tumor development. Among liver cells, hepatic stellate cell...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - April 1, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Matsuda, Michitaka Seki, Ekihiro Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Liver Matrix in Benign and Malignant Biliary Tract Disease
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705109The extracellular matrix is a highly reactive scaffold formed by a wide array of multifunctional molecules, encompassing collagens and noncollagenous glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and polysaccharides. Besides outlining the tissue borders, the extracellular matrix profoundly regulates the behavior of resident cells by transducing mechanical signals, and by integrating multiple cues derived from the microenvironment. Evidence is mounting that changes in the biostructure of the extracellular matrix are instrumental for biliary repair. Following biliary damage and ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - March 10, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Fabris, Luca Cadamuro, Massimiliano Cagnin, Silvia Strazzabosco, Mario Gores, Gregory J. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Postsustained Virological Response Management in Hepatitis C Patients
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1702944The introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) has revolutionized management and care of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, leading to cure rates higher than 90% in patients with advanced liver disease as well. Viral eradication has been associated with longer survival, reduced mortality from both hepatic and extrahepatic causes, improvement in liver function, and reduced incidence of HCV-related extrahepatic diseases. While patients with mild fibrosis can safely be discharged after achievement of a sustained virological response, patients with adva...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - February 26, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Masetti, Chiara Lleo, Ana Colombo, Matteo Colombo, Massimo Aghemo, Alessio Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Art of Making Artificial Liver: Depicting Human Liver Biology and Diseases in Mice
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701444Advancement in both bioengineering and cell biology of the liver led to the establishment of the first-generation humanized liver chimeric mouse (HLCM) model in 2001. The HLCM system was initially developed to satisfy the necessity for a convenient and physiologically representative small animal model for studies of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Over the last two decades, the HLCM system has substantially evolved in quality, production capacity, and utility, thereby growing its versatility beyond the study of viral hepatitis. Hence, it has been increasingly em...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - February 18, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Sugahara, Go Ishida, Yuji Sun, Jeffrey Tateno, Chise Saito, Takeshi Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Drinking and Obesity: Alcoholic Liver Disease/Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Interactions
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701443Alcohol and obesity are the main risk factors for alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), respectively, and they frequently coexist. There are considerable synergistic interaction effects between hazardous alcohol use and obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities in the development and progression of fatty liver disease. Intermittent binge-drinking has been shown to promote steatohepatitis from obesity-related steatosis, and binge-drinking is associated with progression to cirrhosis even when average alcohol intake is within the currently used criter...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - February 17, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Åberg, Fredrik F ärkkilä, Martti Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The Matrisome, Inflammation, and Liver Disease
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402516Chronic fatty liver disease is common worldwide. This disease is a spectrum of disease states, ranging from simple steatosis (fat accumulation) to inflammation, and eventually to fibrosis and cirrhosis if untreated. The fibrotic stage of chronic liver disease is primarily characterized by robust accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagens) that ultimately impairs the function of the organ. The role of the ECM in early stages of chronic liver disease is less well-understood, but recent research has demonstrated that several changes in the hepatic ECM in prefibrot...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - January 6, 2020 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Dolin, Christine E. Arteel, Gavin E. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Aging and the Biological Response to Liver Injury
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402033Interest in understanding the aging process has recently risen in the scientific community. Aging, commonly defined as the functional decline in the function of organs and tissues, is indeed the major risk factor for the development of many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, pathologies of nervous system, or cancer. To date, the influence of aging in the pathophysiology of liver and biliary diseases is not fully understood. Although liver cells have a high regenerative capacity, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes undergo extensive molecular changes in response to aging...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - December 29, 2019 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Pinto, Claudio Ninfole, Elisabetta Gaggiano, Laura Benedetti, Antonio Marzioni, Marco Maroni, Luca Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
