Malignant Vascular Tumors of the Liver in Adults
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676120Hepatic angiosarcoma and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) might be clinically considered a spectrum since, although more frequently presenting indolent behavior, EHE occasionally evolves to high-grade neoplasms. However, in most circumstances, pathological and immunohistochemical patterns define this differential diagnosis. More recently, molecular pathways for angiosarcoma and for EHE from other organs and from soft tissue have been proved different, paving the way for future morpho-molecular assessment of their hepatic counterpart. The frequency of liver involvement by Kap...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - December 7, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Alves, Venancio Avancini Ferreira Rimola, Jordi Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Psychological Wellbeing: A Scoping Review
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676099Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic liver disease resulting from the inflammation and scarring of an individual's hepatic bile ducts. With no curative treatment available and a risk of potentially severe complications and death, it is likely that those diagnosed with the illness may experience impairments in their psychological wellbeing. The aim of this scoping review is to locate, chart, and summarize all available literature on how PSC affects mental health and psychological wellbeing, as well as the factors that may or may not impact on the psychological wellbein...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - November 22, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Ranieri, Veronica McKay, Kathy Walmsley, Martine Senior, Robert Thorburn, Douglas Kennedy, Eilis Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Immunomodulatory Effects of Current Targeted Therapies on Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implication for the Future of Immunotherapy
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 379-388 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1673621Multikinase inhibitors with antiangiogenic properties used to be standard therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, several antiangiogenic agents (lenvatinib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab) have demonstrated antitumor activity for advanced HCC in randomized controlled trials. However, the landscape of drug development for HCC may change dramatically with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, particularly the anti–programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD1) agents. In addition, early-phase clinical trials of combination of ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Lin, Yu-Yang Tan, Ching-Ting Chen, Chia-Wei Ou, Da-Liang Cheng, Ann-Lii Hsu, Chiun Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Liver Toxicity with Cancer Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 366-378 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667358Immune checkpoint inhibition targeted against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has shown clinically significant survival benefit when used to treat multiple types of advanced cancer. These drugs have gained approval by the US Food and Drug Administration and their indications continue to increase. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is associated with a unique side-effect profile characterized as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can result in significant morbidity and rarely mortality. Hepatoto...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Nadeau, Brian A. Fecher, Leslie A. Owens, Scott R. Razumilava, Nataliya Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Liver Injury Associated with Sporting Activities
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 357-365 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1670656Exertional heat stroke most commonly develops following prolonged levels of aerobic activity in a warm or humid environment. Hypoperfusion of the vital organs along with activation of the inflammasome can lead to progressive and potentially fatal multiorgan failure including acute liver failure. In the United States, herbal and dietary supplements that are marketed to improve performance, strength, and weight loss are increasingly being used by both amateur and professional athletes. Consumption of bodybuilding supplements that contain androgenic anabolic steroid...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Hassan, Ammar Fontana, Robert J. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Liver Transplantation for Neuroendocrine Tumors: What Have We Learned?
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 351-356 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1669936Neuroendocrine tumors are slow-growing tumors and associated with prolonged overall survival even in the presence of untreated liver metastases. The presence of liver metastases may be responsible for severe symptoms with impairment of quality of life. Liver resection has been proposed to achieve better symptom control and/or improve overall survival, but this concerns less than 20% of patients with liver metastases. In addition, the chance to be really cured after liver resection is around 40%, which prompts consideration of liver transplantation as the only pot...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Lim, Chetana Lahat, Eylon Osseis, Michael Sotirov, Dobromir Salloum, Chady Azoulay, Daniel Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Regulation of Hepatic Inflammation via Macrophage Cell Death
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 340-350 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1670674Macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functions including clearing infectious agents, inducing inflammation and fibrosis, resolving fibrosis, and restoring tissue integrity. Liver macrophages consist of both resident Kupffer cells and infiltrating macrophages. They have heterogeneous highly plastic phenotypes, and they change their phenotypes rapidly in response to a diverse array of signals present in the injured or recovering liver. Cell death by apoptosis, necroptosis, or pyroptosis is a common response of liver macrophages to infectious and toxic i...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Li, Zhuan Weinman, Steven A. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Role of TGR5 (GPBAR1) in Liver Disease
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 333-339 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1669940TGR5 (GPBAR1) is a G protein–coupled receptor activated by primary and secondary bile acids, which is expressed in different nonparenchymal cells of the liver, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, cholangiocytes as well as activated hepatic stellate cells. In liver, TGR5 modulates microcirculation, inflammation, regeneration, biliary secretion and proliferation as well as gallbladder filling. Absence of TGR5 renders mice more susceptible toward infectious, inflammatory, metabolic as well as cholestatic liver injuries. It is unknown whether TGR5 ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Keitel, Verena H äussinger, Dieter Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Unfolded Protein Response Sensors in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 320-332 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1670677Activation of the hepatic unfolded protein response (UPR), a highly conserved cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is a firmly established feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). ER stress is now widely accepted as both a cause and a consequence of hepatic steatosis. Moreover, the accumulation of hepatic lipids induces ER stress, which, in turn, disrupts hepatic lipid metabolism thus creating a vicious cycle that potentiates hepatic lipid accumulation. Additionally, there is interplay between the UPR and the inflammatory cascades a...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Henkel, Anne S. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Homeostatic Role of Autophagy in Hepatocytes
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 308-319 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1669939Autophagy actively participates in the physiological process of the liver. While the direct effect of autophagy may be limited to the sequestration and degradation of a selective cargo, its overall impact can be broad, affecting many more physiological processes regulated by the particular cargo. This review will discuss two aspects of the importance of autophagy in the liver: metabolic regulation in response to feeding and starvation, and pathological consequences in the absence of autophagy. These two aspects illustrate the homeostatic functions of autophagy in...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Khambu, Bilon Yan, Shengmin Huda, Nazmul Liu, Gang Yin, Xiao-Ming Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
ABCB4 Gene Aberrations in Human Liver Disease: An Evolving Spectrum
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 299-307 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667299ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 4 (ABCB4) is a phospholipid translocator at the canalicular membrane of the hepatocyte, which “flops” phosphatidylcholine into bile. Dysfunction of this transporter due to ABCB4 gene variants can cause liver diseases and has been called ABCB4 deficiency. Several diseases including progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3), low phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis (LPAC), a subgroup of patients developing intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), drug-induced liver injury and chronic cholangiopath...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Reichert, Matthias Christian Lammert, Frank Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Erratum: Hepatic Dendritic Cells, the Tolerogenic Liver Environment, and Liver Disease
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 298-298 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667175 Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.Article in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Dou, Lei Ono, Yoshihiro Chen, Yi-fa Thomson, Angus W. Chen, Xiao-ping Tags: Erratum Source Type: research
A Comprehensive Review of Hepatic Sarcoid
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 284-297 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1666853Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease, which is characterized by the development of noncaseating granulomas amid healthy tissue. While most commonly affecting the mediastinum and/or lungs, sarcoid can also affect the liver, resulting in “hepatic sarcoid.” The spectrum of disease in hepatic sarcoid is variable, ranging from asymptomatic or mild liver enzyme abnormalities to end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation. Because clinically-significant hepatic sarcoid is rare, research on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Deutsch-Link, Sasha Fortuna, Danielle Weinberg, Ethan M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Pyogenic Liver Abscess of Biliary Origin: The Existing Problems and Their Strategies
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 270-283 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1661363Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) of biliary origin in Southeast Asia mainly occurs in patients with intrahepatic bile duct stone (IBDS) and extrahepatic bile duct stone (EBDS), bilioenteric anastomosis, or biliary stent. IBDS, as an endemic to Southeast Asia, remains a frequent etiology of acute cholangitis and PLA. PLA related to IBDS is characterized by high incidences of PLA recurrence and death related to infection, and difficulties in diagnosis of concomitant cholangicarcinoma. PLA of biliary origin is more likely caused by Escherichia coli, more often presented...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Shi, Shao-hua Zhai, Zheng-long Zheng, Shu-sen Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Organ Preservation in Liver Transplantation
Semin Liver Dis 2018; 38: 260-269 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1666840The discrepancy between the number of patients awaiting liver transplantation and the number of available donors has become a key issue in the transplant setting. Various strategies to cope with the donor shortage problem and to increase the use of suboptimal grafts have been explored. Machine perfusion has been applied ex situ to liver grafts in the effort to improve static cold-storage preservation. If a more extensive application of this technology confirms the preliminary results, machine perfusion will become crucial in increasing the donor pool as well as i...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 24, 2018 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Burra, Patrizia Zanetto, Alberto Russo, Francesco Paolo Germani, Giacomo Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
