Management of Multidrug-Resistant Infections in Cirrhosis
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 173-187 DOI: 10.1055/a-1765-0056 The World Health Organization describes antimicrobial resistance as one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development with indiscriminate use of antimicrobials globally driving the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, resistant to 60% of antimicrobials in some countries. Infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) have increased in recent decades in patients with cirrhosis, who are frequently prescribed antibiotics, regularly undergo invasive procedures such as large volume paracentesis, and have recurrent hospitalizations,...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Gallaher, Charles E. Shawcross, Debbie L. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
A Global Systematic Review of Hepatitis C Elimination Efforts through Micro-Elimination
This study is registered with Prospero, registration identification: CRD42020175211. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Lazarus, Jeffrey V. Picchio, Camila A. Byrne, Christopher J. Crespo, Javier Colombo, Massimo Cooke, Graham S. Dore, Gregory J. Grebely, Jason Ward, John W. Dillon, John F. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Liver Dysfunction in COVID-19: From Onset to Recovery
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 151-158 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1745871 With the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide, extrapulmonary lesions, including liver dysfunction, have attracted growing attention. The mechanisms underlying liver dysfunction in COVID-19 remain unclear. The reported prevalence of liver dysfunction varies widely across studies. In addition, its impact on clinical outcomes and its recovery after discharge are still controversial. In this review, pathological and laboratory findings were analyzed to reveal the potential mechanisms of COVID-19-induced liver injury from onset to recovery. Four p...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Yuan, Wen-Zheng Fu, Tao Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Treating Alcohol Use Disorder in Patients with Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: Controversies in Pharmacological Therapy
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 138-150 DOI: 10.1055/a-1798-2872 Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the main causes of global death and disability. The liver represents the main target of alcohol damage, and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) represents the first cause of liver cirrhosis in Western countries. Alcohol abstinence is the main goal of treatment in AUD patients with ALD, as treatments for ALD are less effective when drinking continues. Moreover, the persistence of alcohol consumption is associated with higher mortality, increased need for liver transplantation, and graft loss. The most effective treatment for A...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Tarli, Claudia Mirijello, Antonio Addolorato, Giovanni Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Fatty Liver Disease: Roles of Microbiota, Mucosal Immune System, and Bile Acids
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 122-137 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748037 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a spectrum of progressive liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Globally, NAFLD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality associated with chronic liver disease, and NAFLD patients are at a higher risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While there is a consensus that inflammation plays a key role in promoting NAFLD progression, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Recent clinical and experimental evidence suggest that increased hepati...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Gupta, Biki Rai, Ravi Oertel, Michael Raeman, Reben Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Circadian Regulation of Gene Expression and Metabolism in the Liver
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 113-121 DOI: 10.1055/a-1792-4240 Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-hour cycles of variation in physiological processes, gene expression, and behavior. They result from the interplay of internal biological clocks with daily environmental rhythms, including light/dark and feeding/fasting. Note that 24-hour rhythms of liver metabolic processes have been known for almost 100 years. Modern studies reveal that, like metabolism, hepatic gene expression is highly rhythmic. Genetic or environmental changes can disrupt the circadian rhythms of the liver, leading to metabolic disorders and hepatocellula...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Guan, Dongyin Lazar, Mitchell A. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Post-Transplant Biliary Strictures: An Updated Review
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744144 Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative therapy in patients with end-stage liver disease with excellent long-term survival; however, LT recipients are at risk of significant complications. Among these complications are biliary complications with an incidence ranging from 5 to 32% and associated with significant post-LT morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition and management are critical as these complications have been associated with mortality rates up to 19% and retransplantation rates up to 13%. An important limitation of published studies is that a large proportion...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - March 9, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Fasullo, Matthew Shah, Tilak Zhou, Huiping Siddiqui, Mohammad S. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Liver Immunology, Immunotherapy, and Liver Cancers: Time for a Rethink?
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744143The complex immune system of the liver has a major role in tumor surveillance, but also partly explains why current immune therapies are poorly effective against liver cancers. Known primarily for its tolerogenic capacity, the hepatic immune repertoire also comprises diverse populations of armored immune cells with tumor surveillant roles. In healthy people, these work together to successfully identify malignant cells and prevent their proliferation, thus halting tumor formation. When frontline hepatic immune surveillance systems fail, compromised hepatic immunity, driven by obesi...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - March 9, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Carroll, Hailey K. Duffy, Austin G. O'Farrelly, Cliona Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The Role of Liver Zonation in Physiology, Regeneration, and Disease
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1742279 As blood flows from the portal triad to the central vein, cell-mediated depletion establishes gradients of soluble factors such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, which act through molecular pathways (e.g., Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog) to spatially regulate hepatocyte functions along the sinusoid. Such “zonation” can lead to the compartmentalized initiation of several liver diseases, including alcoholic/non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, chemical/drug-induced toxicity, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and can also modulate liver regeneration. Transgenic rodent models provide valu...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - February 4, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Panday, Regeant Monckton, Chase P. Khetani, Salman R. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Role of YAP1 Signaling in Biliary Development, Repair, and Disease
In conclusion, we will comprehensively discuss the spatiotemporal roles of YAP1 in biliary development and repair after biliary injury while describing key interactions with other well-known developmental pathways. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - January 24, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Molina, Laura Nejak-Bowen, Kari Monga, Satdarshan P. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The Neglected Role of Bile Duct Epithelial Cells in NASH
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739455Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, and affects 25% of the population in Western countries. NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, linked to insulin resistance, which is the common pathogenetic mechanism. In approximately 40% of NAFLD patients, steatosis is associated with necro-inflammation and fibrosis, resulting in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe condition that may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although the hepatocyte represents the main target of the disease, involvement of the b...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - November 18, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Cadamuro, Massimiliano Lasagni, Alberto Sarcognato, Samantha Guido, Maria Fabris, Roberto Strazzabosco, Mario Strain, Alastair J. Simioni, Paolo Villa, Erica Fabris, Luca Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Erratum to: Scavenger Receptors: Novel Roles in the Pathogenesis of Liver Inflammation and Cancer
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739050 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - November 18, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Patten, Daniel A. Wilkinson, Alex L. O'Keeffe, Ayla Shetty, Shishir Tags: Erratum Source Type: research
Erratum to: Finite Antiviral Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Cirrhosis
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737024 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - October 1, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Jeng, Wen-Juei Liaw, Yun-Fan Tags: Erratum Source Type: research
Scavenger Receptors: Novel Roles in the Pathogenesis of Liver Inflammation and Cancer
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733876The scavenger receptor superfamily represents a highly diverse collection of evolutionarily-conserved receptors which are known to play key roles in host homeostasis, the most prominent of which is the clearance of unwanted endogenous macromolecules, such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, from the systemic circulation. Members of this family have also been well characterized in their binding and internalization of a vast range of exogenous antigens and, consequently, are generally considered to be pattern recognition receptors, thus contributing to innate immunity. Several stu...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - September 22, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Patten, Daniel A. Wilkinson, Alex L. O'Keeffe, Ayla Shetty, Shishir Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Mechanisms of Pharmacoresistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: New Drugs but Old Problems
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735631Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy with poor prognosis when diagnosed at advanced stages in which curative treatments are no longer applicable. A small group of these patients may still benefit from transarterial chemoembolization. The only therapeutic option for most patients with advanced HCC is systemic pharmacological treatments based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy. Available drugs only slightly increase survival, as tumor cells possess additive and synergistic mechanisms of pharmacoresistance (MPRs) prior to or enhanced during treatment. Un...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - September 20, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Marin, Jose J.G. Romero, Marta R. Herraez, Elisa Asensio, Maitane Ortiz-Rivero, Sara Sanchez-Martin, Anabel Fabris, Luca Briz, Oscar Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
