Fontan-Associated Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Staging, and Management
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732355Fontan-associated liver disease is the term used to encompass the disorders arising from abnormal hemodynamic alterations and systemic venous congestion after the Fontan procedure. The histological changes produced in the liver are similar but not equivalent to those seen in other forms of cardiac liver disease. While the natural history of this form of liver disease is poorly established, many Fontan patients ultimately develop portal hypertension-related complications such as ascites, esophageal varices, malnutrition, and encephalopathy. Fontan survivors also show an elevated ri...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 16, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: T éllez, Luis Rodr íguez de Santiago, Enrique Albillos, Agust ín Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Artificial Intelligence in Hepatology: A Narrative Review
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731706There has been a tremendous growth in data collection in hepatology over the last decade. This wealth of “big data” lends itself to the application of artificial intelligence in the development of predictive and diagnostic models with potentially greater accuracy than standard biostatistics. As processing power of computing systems has improved and data are made more accessible through the large databases and electronic health record, these more contemporary techniques for analyzing and interpreting data have garnered much interest in the field of medicine. This review highlig...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 29, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Vaz, Karl Goodwin, Thomas Kemp, William Roberts, Stuart Majeed, Ammar Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Role of Lipogenesis Rewiring in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731709Metabolic rewiring is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Altered de novo lipogenesis is one of the pivotal metabolic events deregulated in cancers. Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1) controls the transcription of major enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis, including ACLY, ACACA, FASN, and SCD. Studies have shown the increased de novo lipogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples. Multiple mechanisms, such as activation of the AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, lead to high SREBP1 induction and the coordinated enhanced e...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 26, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Zhou, Yi Tao, Junyan Calvisi, Diego F. Chen, Xin Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: Review of Pros and Cons
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732356The American College of Radiology has released the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) scheme which categorizes focal liver lesions (FLLs) in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to the degree of risk of nodules to be HCC. It subgroups FLL in LR-1 (definitely benign), LR-2 (probably benign), LR-3 (intermediate probability of malignancy), LR-4 (probably HCC), LR-5 (definitely HCC), and LR-M (probable malignancy not specific for HCC). Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) LI-RADS diagnos...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 23, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Terzi, Eleonora Ayuso, Carmen Piscaglia, Fabio Bruix, Jordi Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Role of FXR in Bile Acid and Metabolic Homeostasis in NASH: Pathogenetic Concepts and Therapeutic Opportunities
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731707Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent cause of liver disease, increasingly contributing to the burden of liver transplantation. In search for effective treatments, novel strategies addressing metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and fibrosis are continuously emerging. Disturbed bile acid (BA) homeostasis and microcholestasis via hepatocellular retention of potentially toxic BAs may be an underappreciated factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as its progressive variant. In addition to their detergent propertie...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 21, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Radun, Richard Trauner, Michael Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Novel Antidiabetic Strategies and Diabetologists' Views in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732354Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide with high prevalence, especially in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Among individuals with type 2 diabetes, the severe insulin resistant subgroup has the greatest risk of NAFLD, likely due to dysfunctional adipose tissue mass but also genetic factors, and may progress earlier to inflammatory and profibrotic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH has been associated with increased liver-related as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. International diabetes...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 21, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Kahl, Sabine P ützer, Jennifer Roden, Michael Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Plasma Exchange in Acute and Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730971Liver failure in the context of acute (ALF) and acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with high mortality in the absence of a liver transplant. For decades, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed for the management of immune-mediated diseases. TPE has emerged as an attractive extracorporeal blood purification technique in patients with ALF and ACLF. The basic premise of using TPE is to remove the toxic substances which would allow recovery of native liver functions by facilitating liver regeneration. In recent years, encouraging data have emerged, suggesting ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 14, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Maiwall, Rakhi Sarin, Shiv K. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Clinical Application and Progress of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Liver Diseases: A Review
In this study, we briefly review the current research on the gut microbiota and its link to liver diseases and then summarize the evidence to elucidate the clinical application and development of FMT in liver disease treatment. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 14, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Gu, Xinpei Lu, Qin Zhang, Chengcheng Tang, Zhewei Chu, Liuxi Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Risks and Rewards of Bariatric Surgery in Advanced Chronic Liver Diseases
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731705The burden of obesity and metabolic syndrome has determined a sharp increase in bariatric surgery (BS) procedures, which lead to marked weight loss, improved metabolic syndrome, reduced cardiovascular risk, and even improvement in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Despite these promising results, BS in patients with chronic liver disease can rarely lead to worsening of liver function, progression to cirrhosis and its complications, and even liver transplantation. On the other hand, since obesity in patients with cirrhosis is a major cofactor for progression to a decompensated s...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 9, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Mendoza, Yuly P. Becchetti, Chiara Watt, Kymberly D. Berzigotti, Annalisa Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Management of Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Literature Review
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731704With the recent urbanization and globalization, the adult obesity rate has been increasing, which was paralleled with a dramatic surge in the incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD poses a growing threat to human health as it represents the most common cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries. It encompasses a wide spectrum of conditions starting from a build-up of fat in hepatocytes (steatosis), to developing inflammation (steatohepatitis), and reaching up to cirrhosis. It is also associated with higher rates of cardiovascular mor...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 9, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Hashem, Anas Khalouf, Amani Acosta, Andres Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The Mechanism of Interleukin-35 in Chronic Hepatitis B
This article will systematically review the biological effects of IL-35 and the specific mechanisms affecting the disease. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Tang, Ying Ma, Tianyi Jia, Shengnan Zhang, Qian Liu, Siqi Qi, Ling Yang, Lanlan Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Insights into Nonalcoholic Fatty-Liver Disease Heterogeneity
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730927The acronym nonalcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD) groups a heterogeneous patient population. Although in many patients the primary driver is metabolic dysfunction, a complex and dynamic interaction of different factors (i.e., sex, presence of one or more genetic variants, coexistence of different comorbidities, diverse microbiota composition, and various degrees of alcohol consumption among others) takes place to determine disease subphenotypes with distinct natural history and prognosis and, eventually, different response to therapy. This review aims to address this topic thro...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 7, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Arrese, Marco Arab, Juan P. Barrera, Francisco Kaufmann, Benedikt Valenti, Luca Feldstein, Ariel E. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Alagille Syndrome: A Focused Review on Clinical Features, Genetics, and Treatment
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730951Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by pathogenic variants in JAG1 or NOTCH2, which encode fundamental components of the Notch signaling pathway. Clinical features span multiple organ systems including hepatic, cardiac, vascular, renal, skeletal, craniofacial, and ocular, and occur with variable phenotypic penetrance. Genotype–phenotype correlation studies have not yet shown associations between mutation type and clinical manifestations or severity, and it has been hypothesized that modifier genes may modulate the effects of JAG1 and NOTCH2 pathogen...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 2, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Kohut, Taisa J. Gilbert, Melissa A. Loomes, Kathleen M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Erratum to: Drug-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis and Therapeutics
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732497 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 29, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Bessone, Fernando Hern ández, Nelia Tanno, Mario Roma, Marcelo G. Tags: Erratum Source Type: research
Recurrent Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Understanding, Management, and Future Directions
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730950Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) constitute 5 to 15% of patients listed for liver transplantation worldwide. Although post-transplant outcomes are favorable, recurrent PSC (rPSC) occurs in an important subset of patients, with higher prevalence rates reported with increasing time from transplant. Given its association with poor graft outcomes and risk of retransplant, effort has been made to understand rPSC, its pathophysiology, and risk factors. This review covers these facets of rPSC and focuses on implicated risk factors including pretransplant recipient chara...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 28, 2021 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Leung, Kristel K. Deeb, Maya Fischer, Sandra E. Gulamhusein, Aliya Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
