Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Liver Diseases
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 283-292 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755328 Promising preclinical data suggested that bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) can reduce hepatic fibrosis and stimulate liver regeneration. Preclinical studies moreover suggested that the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions of MSCs may reduce hepatic inflammation, improve liver function, and decrease infection incidences which are deemed especially important in the case of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Studies in patients with decompensated cirrhosis demonstrated that injection of BM-MSC resulted in an improvement of bioch...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - September 1, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Nevens, Frederik van der Merwe, Schalk Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Unraveling the Complexity of Liver Disease One Cell at a Time
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 250-270 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755272 The human liver is a complex organ made up of multiple specialized cell types that carry out key physiological functions. An incomplete understanding of liver biology limits our ability to develop therapeutics to prevent chronic liver diseases, liver cancers, and death as a result of organ failure. Recently, single-cell modalities have expanded our understanding of the cellular phenotypic heterogeneity and intercellular cross-talk in liver health and disease. This review summarizes these findings and looks forward to highlighting new avenues for the application ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 25, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Atif, Jawairia Thoeni, Cornelia Bader, Gary D. McGilvray, Ian D. MacParland, Sonya A. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Global Burden
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 401-412 DOI: 10.1055/a-1862-9088 The map and global disease burden of chronic liver diseases are markedly changing, with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) becoming the most common cause of liver diseases coinciding with the current epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Understanding the incidence and prevalence of NAFLD is critical because of its linkage to a significant economic burden of hospitalization and changing patterns in consequences, such as liver transplantation. Moreover, the long-term average health care expenses of NAFLD patients have exceeded those of...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 24, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: El-Kassas, Mohamed Cabezas, Joaqu ín Coz, Paula Iruzubieta Zheng, Ming-Hua Arab, Juan Pablo Awad, Abeer Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Drug Development Pipeline: An Update
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 379-400 DOI: 10.1055/a-1877-9656 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a burgeoning global health crisis that mirrors the obesity pandemic. This global health crisis has stimulated active research to develop novel NASH pharmacotherapies targeting dysregulated inflammatory, cellular stress, and fibrogenetic processes that include (1) metabolic pathways to improve insulin sensitivity, de novo lipogenesis, and mitochondrial utilization of fatty acids; (2) cellular injury or inflammatory targets that reduce inflammatory cell recruitment and signaling; (3) liver–gut axis targets that influence bile ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 24, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Chew, Nicholas W. S. Ng, Cheng Han Truong, Emily Noureddin, Mazen Kowdley, Kris V. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Management of Acute Liver Failure: Update 2022
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 362-378 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755274 Abbreviated pathogenesis and clinical course of the acute liver failure syndrome. The pathogenesis and clinical course of the syndrome of acute liver failure (ALF) differs depending upon the etiology of the primary liver injury. In turn, the severity of the liver injury and resulting synthetic failure is often the primary determinant of whether a patient is referred for emergency liver transplantation. Injuries by viral etiologies trigger the innate immune system via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), while toxin-induced (and presumably ischemia-ind...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 24, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Tujios, Shannan Stravitz, R. Todd Lee, William M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Mastering Core Recommendations during HEPAtology ROUNDS in Patients with Advanced Chronic Liver Disease
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 341-361 DOI: 10.1055/a-1886-5909 Efficient and thorough care of hospitalized patients with advanced chronic liver disease is of utter importance to improve outcomes and optimize quality of life. This requires understanding current evidence and best practices. To facilitate focus on up-to-date knowledge and a practical approach, we have created the HEPA-ROUNDS mnemonic while outlining a practical review of the literature with critical appraisal for the busy clinician. The HEPA-ROUNDS mnemonic provides a structured approach that incorporates critical concepts in terms of prevention, management, and ...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 24, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia, Mauricio Al-Obaid, Lolwa Hughes, Dempsey L. Duarte-Rojo, Andr és Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Cellular Homeostasis and Repair in the Biliary Tree
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 271-282 DOI: 10.1055/a-1869-7714 During biliary tree homeostasis, BECs are largely in a quiescent state and their turnover is slow for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. BTSCs continually replenish new BECs in the luminal surface of EHBDs. In response to various types of biliary injuries, distinct cellular sources, including HPCs, BTSCs, hepatocytes, and BECs, repair or regenerate the injured bile duct. BEC, biliary epithelial cell; BTSC, biliary tree stem/progenitor cell; EHBD, extrahepatic bile ducts; HPC, hepatic progenitor cell.The biliary tree comprises intrahepatic bile ducts and extrahe...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 24, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Wang, Wei Chen, Dongfeng Wang, Jun Wen, Liangzhi Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Metabolic Injury of Hepatocytes Promotes Progression of NAFLD and AALD
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 233-249 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755316 Nonalcoholic liver disease is a component of metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Excessive alcohol consumption may accelerate the progression of steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. While simple steatosis is considered a benign condition, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with inflammation and fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular cancer. Studies in rodent experimental models and primary cell cultures have demonstrated several common cellular and molecular mechanisms in the pathogene...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 24, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Carvalho-Gontijo, Raquel Han, Cuijuan Zhang, Lei Zhang, Vivian Hosseini, Mojgan Mekeel, Kristin Schnabl, Bernd Loomba, Rohit Karin, Michael Brenner, David A. Kisseleva, Tatiana Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Early Diagnosis and Prevention of Infections in Cirrhosis
In conclusion, infections in cirrhosis are potentially preventable with appropriate care strategies to then enable improved outcomes. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - August 10, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Kulkarni, Anand V. Premkumar, Madhumita Arab, Juan P. Kumar, Karan Sharma, Mithun Reddy, Nageshwar D. Padaki, Nagaraja R. Reddy, Rajender K. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Noninvasive Algorithms for the Case Finding of “At-Risk” Patients with NAFLD
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751081 Despite the high prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in primary care (25%), only a small minority (< 5%) of NAFLD patients will develop advanced liver fibrosis. The challenge is to identify these patients, who are at the greatest risk of developing complications and need to be referred to liver clinics for specialized management. The focus should change from patients with abnormal liver tests toward patients “at risk of NAFLD,” namely those with metabolic risk factors, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Non-invasive tests are well validated for diagno...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Castera, Laurent Boursier, J érôme Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Surrogate Markers for Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA
Semin Liver Dis DOI: 10.1055/a-1830-2741Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most common causes of liver disease worldwide. Chronic HBV infection is currently incurable because of the persistence of the viral template for the viral transcripts, covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (cccDNA). Detecting changes in cccDNA transcriptional activity is key to understanding fundamental virology, determining the efficacy of new therapies, and deciding the optimal clinical management of HBV patients. In this review, we summarize surrogate circulating biomarkers that have been used to infer ccc...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - July 12, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Tu, Thomas B ömmel, Florian van Berg, Thomas Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Involvement of Epigenomic Factors in Bile Duct Cancer
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 202-211 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748188 Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common type of primary liver cancer. Due to its often-silent manifestation, sporadic nature, and typically late clinical presentation, it remains difficult to diagnose and lacks effective nonsurgical therapeutic options. Extensive research aiming in understanding the mechanisms underlying this disease have provided strong evidence for the significance of epigenetics contributing to its onset, progression, and dissemination. This dysregulation in a myriad of signaling pathways, leading to malignancy, spans altered deoxy...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Rogalska-Taranta, Magdalena Andersen, Jesper B. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Biomarker Development Using Liquid Biopsy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 188-201 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748924 Liver cancer incidence rate continues to increase and currently ranks third in the total number of annual deaths, behind only lung and colorectal cancer. Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed at advanced stages, and they live for less than 2 years after diagnosis on average. This contrasts with those diagnosed at an early stage, who can be cured with surgery. However, even after curative resection, there remains a risk of up to 70% of postoperative HCC recurrence. There have been major changes in the management of HCC in the past 5 year...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Grinspan, Lauren Tal Villanueva, Augusto Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Management of Multidrug-Resistant Infections in Cirrhosis
Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42: 173-187 DOI: 10.1055/a-1765-0056 The World Health Organization describes antimicrobial resistance as one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development with indiscriminate use of antimicrobials globally driving the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, resistant to 60% of antimicrobials in some countries. Infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) have increased in recent decades in patients with cirrhosis, who are frequently prescribed antibiotics, regularly undergo invasive procedures such as large volume paracentesis, and have recurrent hospitalizations,...
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Gallaher, Charles E. Shawcross, Debbie L. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
A Global Systematic Review of Hepatitis C Elimination Efforts through Micro-Elimination
This study is registered with Prospero, registration identification: CRD42020175211. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Liver Disease)
Source: Seminars in Liver Disease - June 23, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Lazarus, Jeffrey V. Picchio, Camila A. Byrne, Christopher J. Crespo, Javier Colombo, Massimo Cooke, Graham S. Dore, Gregory J. Grebely, Jason Ward, John W. Dillon, John F. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
