A Conceptual Framework for Inducing T Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Glioblastoma
AbstractGlioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor with limited treatment options. Several major challenges have limited the development of novel therapeutics, including the extensive heterogeneity of tumor cell states within each glioblastoma and the ability of glioma cells to diffusely infiltrate into neighboring healthy brain tissue, including the contralateral hemisphere. A T cell-mediated immune response could deal with these challenges based on the ability of polyclonal T cell populations to recognize diverse tumor antigens and perform surveillance throughout tissues. Here we will discuss the major pathways that...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - May 3, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Diseases of blood vessels: Immune system involvement in vasculitis and vasculopathy
(Source: Seminars in Immunopathology)
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - May 1, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
B cells in autoimmune hepatitis: bystanders or central players?
AbstractB cells are central for the adaptive immune system to mount successful immune responses not only as antibody producers but also as regulators of cellular immunity. These multifaceted features are also reflected in autoimmunity where autoreactive B cells can fuel disease by production of cytotoxic autoantibodies, presentation of autoantigens to autoreactive T cells, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines that either promote detrimental immune activation or impair regulatory T and B cells. The role of B cells and autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been controversially discussed, with typical autoant...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - April 29, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Tissue-resident immunity in the female and male reproductive tract
AbstractThe conception of how the immune system is organized has been significantly challenged over the last years. It became evident that not all lymphocytes are mobile and recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs. Instead, subsets of immune cells continuously reside in tissues until being reactivated, e.g., by a recurring pathogen or other stimuli. Consequently, the concept of tissue-resident immunity has emerged, and substantial evidence is now available to support its pivotal function in maintaining tissue homeostasis, sensing challenges and providing antimicrobial protection. Surprisingly, insights on tissue-resi...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - April 29, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
B cells in autoimmune hepatitis: bystanders or central players?
AbstractB cells are central for the adaptive immune system to mount successful immune responses not only as antibody producers but also as regulators of cellular immunity. These multifaceted features are also reflected in autoimmunity where autoreactive B cells can fuel disease by production of cytotoxic autoantibodies, presentation of autoantigens to autoreactive T cells, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines that either promote detrimental immune activation or impair regulatory T and B cells. The role of B cells and autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been controversially discussed, with typical autoant...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - April 29, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Tissue-resident immunity in the female and male reproductive tract
AbstractThe conception of how the immune system is organized has been significantly challenged over the last years. It became evident that not all lymphocytes are mobile and recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs. Instead, subsets of immune cells continuously reside in tissues until being reactivated, e.g., by a recurring pathogen or other stimuli. Consequently, the concept of tissue-resident immunity has emerged, and substantial evidence is now available to support its pivotal function in maintaining tissue homeostasis, sensing challenges and providing antimicrobial protection. Surprisingly, insights on tissue-resi...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - April 29, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Liver-resident memory T cells: life in lockdown
We describe potential interactions with other local cell types and the need for a better understanding of this complex bidirection al crosstalk. Pathogen or tumour antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) can provide rapid frontline immune surveillance; we review the evidence for this in hepatotropic infections of major worldwide importance like hepatitis B and malaria and in liver cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma. Conversely, TRM can be triggered by pro-inflammatory and metabolic signals to mediate bystander tissue damage, with an emerging role in a number of liver pathologies. We discuss the need for li...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - April 28, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Narcolepsy: a model interaction between immune system, nervous system, and sleep-wake regulation
AbstractNarcolepsy is a rare chronic neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. The disease is considered to be the result of the selective disruption of neuronal cells in the lateral hypothalamus expressing the neuropeptide hypocretin, which controls the sleep-wake cycle. Diagnosis and management of narcolepsy represent still a substantial medical challenge due to the large heterogeneity in the clinical manifestation of the disease as well as to the lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. However, significant advances have been made in ...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - April 21, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
Bile acids and their receptors: modulators and therapeutic targets in liver inflammation
AbstractBile acids participate in the intestinal emulsion, digestion, and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. When present in high concentrations, as in cholestatic liver diseases, bile acids can damage cells and cause inflammation. After the discovery of bile acids receptors about two decades ago, bile acids are considered signaling molecules. Besides regulating bile acid, xenobiotic, and nutrient metabolism, bile acids and their receptors have shown immunomodulatory properties and have been proposed as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases of the liver. This review focuses on bile acid –related signa...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - April 12, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
COVID-19 Vasculitis and vasculopathy-Distinct immunopathology emerging from the close juxtaposition of Type II Pneumocytes and Pulmonary Endothelial Cells
AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 virus ACE-2 receptor utilization for cellular entry and the defined ACE-2 receptor role in cardiovascular medicine hinted at dysregulated endothelial function or even direct viral endotheliitis as the key driver of severe COVID-19 vascular immunopathology including reports of vasculitis. In this article, we critically review COVID-19 immunopathology from the vasculitis perspective and highlight the non-infectious nature of vascular endothelial involvement in severe COVID-19. Whilst COVID-19 lung disease pathological changes included juxta-capillary and vascular macrophage and lymp hocytic infiltrat...
Source: Seminars in Immunopathology - April 12, 2022 Category: Pathology Source Type: research
