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Self-assessment questions
(Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - November 24, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Norman Shreeve Tags: Self-assessment Source Type: research

Fetal anaemia
is a relatively rare occurrence, with a varied aetiology. Although it may cause a reduction in fetal activity, or the development of hydrops detected by chance on ultrasound scanning, it may also present with stillbirth, or neonatal anaemia (with or without newborn haemodynamic compromise). Broadly speaking, anaemia is caused by one, or a combination, of the following problems: (i) a failure of red cell production; (ii) accelerated red cell destruction; (iii) loss of red blood cells (bleeding). (Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - November 9, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Alec McEwan Tags: Review Source Type: research

Management of poor progress in labour
Nulliparous patients experience poor progress in labour far more commonly than multiparous, with “failure to progress” or “dystocia in labour” becoming one of the leading indications for caesarean section in nulliparous populations. A wide range of practices exist which aim to avoid prolonged labour. This paper aims to discuss the management of poor progress in labour focusing on the nu lliparous population at term with a cephalic presentation, Robson Groups I and IIA. We will then proceed to illustrate cases of poor progress and their management in the National Maternity Hospital (NMH) Dublin, Ireland. (Source: Ob...
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - November 8, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Nicola O'Riordan, Michael Robson, Fionnuala M. McAuliffe Tags: Case-based learning Source Type: research

Doppler ultrasound in obstetrics
Doppler ultrasound is used to assess and monitor high-risk pregnancies and time delivery appropriately. Pregnancies with high resistance in the uterine arteries (UtA) are at risk of pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR) and need close monitoring. Umbilical artery Doppler reflects blood flow within the placenta and increased resistance within the umbilical arteries (UmA) reflects placental dysfunction. In situations with abnormal UmA blood flows, further assessment of fetal Dopplers such as middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ductus venosus (DV) enables timely delivery by identifying progressive changes in fetal cir...
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - November 6, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Pooja Kuckian, Amita A. Mahendru Tags: Review Source Type: research

Sickle cell disease in pregnancy
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited single-gene autosomal recessive disorder, triggered by the ‘sickle’ gene, which alters the structure of the haemoglobin molecule. SCD includes sickle cell anaemia (HbSS), heterozygous conditions of haemoglobin S, combination with haemoglobin C (giving HbSC), combination with beta thalassaemia (HbSB thalassaemia), and combination with haemoglobin D, E or O-Arab. All these variants give similar clinical phenotypes of varying severity. In the UK, there are between 12,000 and 15,000 affected individuals, with approximately 110–200 pregnancies in women with SCD per year. (Source: ...
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - November 2, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Sai Gnanasambanthan, Shree Datta Tags: Case-based learning Source Type: research

Editorial Board
(Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - October 26, 2021 Category: OBGYN Source Type: research

Self-assessment questions
(Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - October 13, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Norman Shreeve Tags: Self-assessment Source Type: research

Intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding
Intermenstrual bleeding (IMB) and postcoital bleeding (PCB) are common presenting symptoms that can lead to significant anxiety, worry, and distress for women. There is a wide list of differential diagnoses ranging from benign to sinister causes including gynaecological malignancies. A thorough history and examination forms a key part of assessment, to elicit any red flag signs that may warrant a 2  week wait referral for further urgent investigation. In contrast, benign causes of IMB and PCB, such as iatrogenic aetiologies and cervical ectropion, can often be treated in the primary care setting. (Source: Obstetrics, Gyna...
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - September 24, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Mariya Kovalenko, Zain Azim Velji, Jaspreet Cheema, Shreelata Datta Tags: Review Source Type: research

Editorial Board
(Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - September 23, 2021 Category: OBGYN Source Type: research

Antenatal screening in the UK
This article reviews screening in its broadest sense. (Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - September 23, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Judith Moore, Rawia Fatouta Tags: Review Source Type: research

Infections in pregnancy
This article is a comprehensive overview of maternal infections occurring during pregnancy which may be transmitted vertically to the fetus by the transplacental route. It includes cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, rubella, parvovirus, zika, syphilis, varicella and also gives mention to what is currently known with regard to covid 19. The pathogenesis and transmission of each infection will be discussed and the risk to fetus and any gestational effects. Typical scan findings occurring secondary fetal infection, other investigations and whether preventative therapy or treatment is available will also be covered. (Source: Obst...
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - September 22, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Suzanna E. Dunkerton, Jennifer Brewster Tags: Review Source Type: research

Principles of prescribing in pregnancy
Medication use (both over the counter and prescribed) is common during pregnancy and lactation. However, prescribing in pregnancy can be challenging for several reasons. Firstly, there are physiological changes associated with pregnancy which impact on the pharmacokinetics of medications and, secondly, there is a lack of information regarding potential adverse fetal effects of new medications. Adherence to the safe Principles of prescribing together with patient involvement in decision making is essential when prescribing in pregnancy. (Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - September 16, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Tarek El Shamy, Onnig Tamizian Tags: Case-based learning Source Type: research

Self-assessment questions
(Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - September 4, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Norman Shreeve Tags: Self-assessment Source Type: research

Prenatal screening and diagnosis in multiple pregnancies
Multiple pregnancies account for 1.5% of pregnancies in the UK and both aneuploidies and structural anomalies occur more frequently in twins, compared to singletons. Comprehensive, individualised counselling is key in these challenging situations, requiring clinicians to communicate their knowledge of prenatal screening effectively.Prenatal screening and diagnosis is not straightforward in multiple pregnancies with variable performance of screening tests, choices to be made on diagnostic techniques and sampling, limited robust data on procedure-related risks and potentially complex decision-making in light of results. (Sou...
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - September 3, 2021 Category: OBGYN Authors: Joanna Gent, Kate Navaratnam, Andrew Sharp Tags: Ethics/education Source Type: research

Editorial Board
(Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine)
Source: Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine - August 28, 2021 Category: OBGYN Source Type: research