Evaluation of Viral Recovery Methodologies from Solid Waste Landfill Leachate
This study aims to assess skimmed milk flocculation and ultracentrifugation as viral concentration methods associated to different nucleic acid extraction protocols in order to establish a methodology for virus recovery from sanitary landfill leachate. Spiking experiments using human adenovirus (HAdV) and bacteriophage PP7 revealed the association of QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit ® nucleic acid extraction and ultracentrifugation as an effective method for recovering HAdV (346.18%) and PP7 (523.97%) when compared to organic flocculation method (162.64% for HAdV and 0.61% for PP7) that presented PCR inhibition in all undil...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - June 22, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
The Optimization of Methods for the Collection of Aerosolized Murine Norovirus
AbstractGlobally, norovirus is the most common gastroenteritis causing pathogen. Annually, norovirus causes 685 million cases of acute gastroenteritis and 200,000 deaths, worldwide. Recent evidence has suggested that norovirus can also be spread via aerosolization; however, an indoor generation source has yet to be determined. We optimized a sampling method for the collection of aerosolized norovirus using murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate. Optimization of the sampling method was performed using two bioaerosol samplers (SKC BioSampler and the NIOSH Bioaerosol Cyclone Sampler 251) and two sampling media (Hanks Balanced ...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - June 9, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Survival of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Goat Cheese and Milk
AbstractSurvival of tick-borne encephalitis virus was studied from pasteurized and unpasteurized goat milk and from salted/unsalted and spiced/unspiced cheese made from goat milk inoculated with low and high litres of infective virus. Both soft (63 °C, 30 min) and fast (72 °C, 15 s) pasteurization conditions destroyed viable virus particles. A small amount of infective virus could be detected only for 5‒10 days from milk, and from unsalted cheese. From milk inoculated with a higher amount of virus, infectious viral particles were det ectable for 20‒25 days and from unsalted cheese samples for 10‒15 days, in...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - May 8, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Quantitative Detection of Human Adenovirus and Human Rotavirus Group A in Wastewater and El-Rahawy Drainage Canal Influencing River Nile in the North of Giza, Egypt
In conclusion, Abu-Rawash WWTP acts as a source of HAdV and RVA, releasing them into El-Rahawy drain then to the River Nile Rosetta branch. (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - May 8, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Discovery of Components Acting as the Obstacles in the Detection of Enteric Viruses from Berries
This study investigated the obstacles in detecting enteric viruses from berry fruits, which are on the one hand often associated with outbreaks of viral enteric disease, and on the other hand recognized as a challenging food matrix for molecular detection of enteric viruses. According to the ISO 15216 protocol, for soft fruit samples, virus extraction is by elution with agitation followed by precipitation with polyethylene glycol/NaCl. As a result, first, the phenolic content in the berry eluate was found to be weakly correlated with the detection of coliphage MS2 spiked in the berry samples. Second and more importantly, i...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - April 21, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Clinical and Environmental Surveillance of Rotavirus Common Genotypes Showed High Prevalence of Common P Genotypes in Egypt
The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of human rotavirus group A common G and P genotypes in human Egyptian stool specimens and raw sewage samples to determine the most common genotypes for future vaccine development. From 1026 stool specimens of children with acute diarrhea and using nested RT-PCR, 250 samples (24.37%) were positive for human rotavirus group A. Using multiplex RT-PCR, rotavirus common P and G genotypes were detected as 89.20% and 46.40% of the positive clinical specimens respectively. This low percentage of common G genotypes frequency may affect the efficiency of the available live at...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - April 10, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Application of an Improved Micro-amount of Virion Enrichment Technique (MiVET) for the Detection of Avian Influenza A Virus in Spiked Chicken Meat Samples
AbstractHighly sensitive detection of pathogens is effective for screening meat during quarantine inspection and export. The “micro-amount of virion enrichment technique” (MiVET) was recently developed, which is a new method combining virus concentration with immunomagnetic beads and simple RNA extraction with sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) for the specific and sensitive detection of avian influenza viruses (A IVs). AIV subtypes H3N2 and H4N2 were used to spike the surface of chicken breast meat samples. The modified MiVET protocol was tested by comparing it against three different homogenate preparation condit...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 18, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Detection and Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Wastewater and Urban Surface Waters in Germany
AbstractIn highly populated areas, environmental surveillance of wastewater and surface waters is a key factor to control the circulation of viruses and risks for public health. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is considered as an emerging pathogen in industrialized countries. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HEV in environmental waters in urban and suburban regions in Germany. HEV was monitored in water samples using quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and nested RT-PCR without or with virus concentration via polyethylene glycol precipitation or ultracentrifugation. By RT-qPCR, 84 –100% o...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 13, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Gastroenteric Viruses Detection in a Drinking Water Distribution-to-Consumption System in a Low-Income Community in Rio de Janeiro
This study aimed to investigate viruses ’ presence as an indicator of drinking water quality in low-income communities in the Manguinhos area, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Three hundred and four drinking water samples (2L/each) were collected along the drinking water distribution-to-consumption pathway in households, as well as healthcare an d school units. Water samples were collected both directly from the water supply prior to distribution and after storage in tanks and filtration units. Using qPCR, viruses were detected 50 times in 45 water samples (15%), 19 of these being human adenovirus, 17 rotavirus A and 14 norovirus...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 8, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Virucidal Efficacy of Olanexidine Gluconate as a Hand Antiseptic Against Human Norovirus
This study showed that olanexidine gluconate has the potential to become a strong tool for the prevention of human norovirus infection. (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 1, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Persistence of Lymphocystis Disease Virus (LCDV) in Seawater
In this study, the persistence of LCDV in natural (raw), treated (autoclaved and filtered) and synthetic seawater held at 22 and 18 °C has been evaluated. The estimated T99 values for LCDV in seawater ranged from 2.7 to 242 days depending on seawater type and temperature, with the highest value recorded at 22 °C in autoclaved seawater. Microbiota and temperature seem to be the main factors affecting the persistence of LCDV in seawater. The results indicated that LCDV is more stable in treated seawater than most of the fish pathogenic viruses studied so far, supporting the relevance of this medium for the prevalence o...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - February 20, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Characterization of Polyurethane Foam Environmental Monitoring Tools for the Recovery and Release of Viruses
This study aims to characterize polyurethane foam (PUF) EM tools —currently used in the food industry for the recovery of bacteria from food contact surfaces—for their efficacy in the release and recovery of human enteric viruses. Two viruses (human norovirus [hNoV] and Tulane virus [TV]) were compared at varying inoculum levels, with two EM tools (PUF swab a nd sponge), two delayed processing times (24 h and 72 h), and one surface type (stainless steel [SS]). Specifically, the objectives were to (1) determine the ability of PUF devices to release viruses for detection and (2) assess the ability of PUF devices to rec...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - February 20, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Evaluation of New Components in Modified Scholten ’s Medium for the Detection of Somatic Coliphages
This study explored reducing the concentration of nutrients in the current formulation and/or incorporating new components to improve the host bacterial growth and/or the enumeration of somatic coliphages at an affordable analytical cost. A twofold dilution of the original MS media was found not to affect the bacterial growth rate. The addition of combinations of assayed compounds to twofold diluted MS media slightly enhanced its analytical performance without altering bacterial growth. By generating savings in both cost and time while maintaining optimal results, media dilution could be applied to design new simple applic...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - January 30, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Hydrophobic Organic Matter Promotes Coxsackievirus B5 Stabilization and Protection from Heat
This study suggests that local conditions encountered by viruses in the environment could greatly impact their persistence. (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - January 6, 2020 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Detection, Quantification, and Microbial Risk Assessment of Group A Rotavirus in Rivers from Uruguay
AbstractThe aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and Uruguay rivers in Uruguay. Monthly sampling was carried out for one year in six sites in the watershed of the Santa Luc ía River and four in the Uruguay River. All the collection sites are used for recreational activities. Viral concentration was performed with the adsorption–elution method, and detection and quantification of RVA was carried out by TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR). Quantitative microbial risk asses sment was applied to estimate the daily ...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - December 2, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
