The First Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Raw Sewage and Mussels in South Africa
In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analysed for the presence of HBoV using nested PCR with primers targeting the VP1/VP2 junction. Amplification and sequencing of the 382 bp region followed by phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of HBoV 2 in mussel samples and HBoV 3 in sewage samples. This is the first report describing the presence of enteric-associated HBoV in environmental samples from South Africa and in mussel samples from the African continent. The results signify the need for further studies examining the potential risk of foodborne transmission of HBoV and highlight the importance of cont...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - November 29, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
First Occurrence of Saffold Virus in Sewage and River Water Samples in Karaj, Iran
AbstractSaffold virus as a newly discovered virus, which seems to be related to acute gastroenteritis as with other enteric viruses and to human airway diseases in children belongs toCardiovirus genus inpicornaviridae family with 11 genotypes. Saffold virus initially was detected in America from infant stool sample. Saffold virus has also been detected in environmental water samples. Until now, two reports have demonstrated that sewage water sources are contaminated with Saffold viruses. Molecular detection of Saffold virus mostly depended on reverse transcription PCR methods and RT-qPCR, which had targeted 5 ′UTR region...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - November 14, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Modeling the Transport of Human Rotavirus and Norovirus in Standardized and in Natural Soil Matrix-Water Systems
AbstractWe modeled Group A Rotavirus (RVA) and Norovirus genogroup II (GII NoV) transport experiments in standardized (crystal quartz sand and deionized water with adjusted pH and ionic strength) and natural soil matrix-water systems (MWS). On the one hand, in the standardized MWS, Rotavirus and Norovirus showed very similar breakthrough curves (BTCs), showing a removal rate of 2 and 1.7 log10, respectively. From the numerical modeling of the experiment, transport parameters of the same order of magnitude were obtained for both viruses. On the other hand, in the natural MWS, the two viruses show very different BTCs. The No...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - November 11, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Accumulation and Depuration Kinetics of Rotavirus in Mussels Experimentally Contaminated
AbstractBivalve mollusks as filter-feeders concentrate in their digestive tissue microorganisms likely present in the harvesting water, thus becoming risky food especially if consumed raw or poorly cooked. To eliminate bacteria and viruses eventually accumulated, they must undergo a depuration process which efficacy on viruses is on debate. To better clarify the worth of the depuration process on virus elimination from mussels, in this study we investigated rotavirus kinetics of accumulation and depuration inMytilus galloprovincialis experimentally contaminated. Depuration process was monitored for 9 days and virus resid...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - November 5, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Feasibility of the Bag-Mediated Filtration System for Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus in Kenya
This study demonstrated that BMFS can be used for PV environmental surveillance and established a feasible study design for future research. (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - November 1, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Relationship Between Inactivation and Genome Damage of Human Enteroviruses Upon Treatment by UV 254 , Free Chlorine, and Ozone
AbstractQuantitative PCR (qPCR) is a convenient tool for monitoring virus concentrations in water and wastewater treatment trains, though it only informs about virus presence, but not infectivity. This limitation can be overcome if the relationship between infectivity loss and genome decay induced by a given disinfectant is known. Here, we performed inactivation experiments using two human enteroviruses, Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 11, with three disinfection methods: low-pressure ultraviolet light (UV254), free chlorine (FC), and ozone. We compared the inactivation rates as measured by culturing to the decay rates of ...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - October 28, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Secretor Status is Associated with Susceptibility to Disease in a Large GII.6 Norovirus Foodborne Outbreak
AbstractNorovirus is commonly associated with food and waterborne outbreaks. Genetic susceptibility to norovirus is largely dependent on presence of histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), specifically ABO, secretor, and Lewis phenotypes. The aim of the study was to determine the association between HBGAs to norovirus susceptibility during a large norovirus foodborne outbreak linked to genotype GII.6 in an office-based company in Stockholm, Sweden, 2015. A two-episode outbreak with symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting occurred in 2015. An online questionnaire was sent to all 1109 employees that had worked during the first outbreak...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - October 28, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Molecular Detection of Human Salivirus in Italy Through Monitoring of Urban Sewages
AbstractSalivirus (SalV) is a newly discovered virus associated to acute gastroenteritis in humans. In Italy, its prevalence and genetic diversity is unknown. To reduce this knowledge gap, 124 sewage samples collected throughout the country were analyzed for SalV by two nested RT-PCRs targeting the 5 ′UTR and the 3D regions and by real-time RT-qPCR. Virus RNA was detected in 37 (29.8%) samples; of these, 24 could be characterized and all belonged to genotype A1. Viral concentrations ranged between 2.8 × 103 and 1.9 × 105 genome copies per liter. This is the first report of SalV occurrence in water environments...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - October 21, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
No Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Farmed Deer in Germany
AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic agent, which is mainly transmitted by consumption of undercooked meat products originating from infected animals. Domestic pigs and wild boars are the major animal reservoirs, but HEV infections have been also repeatedly described in wild deer species. However, farmed deer has been only sparsely investigated so far. Here, 108 blood and 106 liver samples from fallow deer, red deer, and sika deer strictly hold in game enclosures from 11 farms in Germany were analyzed for markers of HEV infection. Using a commercial double antigen sandwich ELISA, 3/108 (2.7%) serum samples were sc...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - October 16, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Antiviral Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Tea Extract Against Human Influenza A Virus Rely Largely on Acidic pH but Partially on a Low-pH-Independent Mechanism
AbstractInfluenza A virus (IAV) infection is perennially one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Effective therapy and vaccination are needed to control viral expansion. However, current anti-IAV drugs risk inducing drug-resistant virus emergence. Although intranasal administration of whole inactivated virus vaccine can induce efficient protective immunity, formalin and β-propiolactone are the currently used and harmful inactivating agents. Here, we analyzed the antiviral activity of hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) tea extract against human IAV and evaluated its potential as a novel anti-IAV drug and a safe inacti...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - October 15, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Field Performance of Two Methods for Detection of Poliovirus in Wastewater Samples, Mexico 2016 –2017
Abstract
To enhance our ability to monitor poliovirus circulation and certify eradication, we evaluated the performance of the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) against the two-phase separation (TPS) method for concentrating wastewater samples for poliovirus detection. Sequential samples were collected at two sites in Mexico; one L was collected by grab and ~ 5 L were collected and filtered in situ with the BMFS. In the laboratory, 500 mL collected by grab were concentrated using TPS and the sample contained in the filter of the BMFS was eluted without secondary concentration. Concentrates were tested for the ...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - September 29, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Involvement of Egyptian Foods in Foodborne Viral Illnesses: The Burden on Public Health and Related Environmental Risk Factors: An Overview
AbstractFoodborne viral diseases are a major public health threat and pose a huge burden on the economies of both developed and developing countries. Enteric viruses are the causative agents of most foodborne illnesses and outbreaks. Egypt is classified by WHO among the regions with intermediate to high endemicity for various enteric viruses. This is manifested by the high prevalence rates of different enteric virus infections among Egyptian population such as Hepatitis A and E viruses, human rotaviruses, human noroviruses, human astroviruses, and human adenovirus. Recently, a number of foodborne gastroenteritis and acute ...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - September 26, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Airborne Transmission of Influenza Virus in a Hospital of Qinhuangdao During 2017 –2018 Flu Season
AbstractThe 2017 –2018 flu season is considered to be one of the most severe, with numerous influenza outbreaks worldwide. In an infectious disease hospital of Qinhuangdao, air samples were collected daily from outpatient hall, clinical laboratory, fever clinic, children's ward (Children's Ward I/Children's Ward I I), and adult ward during 23–29 January 2018 (peak flu activity) and 9–15 April 2018 (low flu activity). The air samples were collected with SLC-SiOH magnetic beads using impingement samplers. Real-time PCR assay was used to detect the RNA of airborne influenza (IFVA and IFVB) in the 91 collecte d aerosol s...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - September 22, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Occurrence of HEV-RNA in Italian Regional Pork and Wild Boar Food Products
AbstractHepatitis E is an emerging threat in industrialized countries. The foodborne transmission linked to consumption of pork and game meat is considered the main source of autochthonous infection. In Europe, small outbreaks have been reported linked to the consumption of pork liver sausages and wild boar meat. Based on previous findings and on increasing evidence of pork and game meat as a vehicle for HEV infections, the present study investigated the occurrence of HEV in 99 pork and 63 wild boar sausages and salami sold in Southern Italy. The HEV genome was detected in four wild boar sausages. Sequencing from 2 wild bo...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - September 10, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Livers and Muscle Tissues of Wild Boars in Italy
In this study, we investigated the presence of HEV RNA by a real-time RT-PCR assay in paired liver and muscle samples collected from 196 wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in the two areas of Central and Southern Italy. Twenty animals (10.2%) were HEV RNA positive in livers, 11 of which were also positive in muscles. The ORF2 and ORF1 partial viral sequences were obtained for nine paired livers and muscles, and when aligned were identical to each other. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed detection of different HEV-3 subtypes: 3c, 3f, 3i and some that were not assigned to any subtypes that have so far been identified. Results need...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - September 9, 2019 Category: Virology Source Type: research
