Application of Membrane Filtration to Cold Sterilization of Drinks and Establishment of Aseptic Workshop
AbstractAseptic packaging of high quality beverage is necessary and its cold-pasteurization or sterilization is vital. Studies on application of ultrafiltration or microfiltration membrane to cold- pasteurization or sterilization for the aseptic packaging of beverages have been reviewed. Designing and manufacturing ultrafiltration or microfiltration membrane systems for cold-pasteurization or sterilization of beverage are based on the understanding of size of microorganisms and theoretical achievement of filtration. It is concluded that adaptability of membrane filtration, especially its combination with other safe cold me...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 18, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Antiviral Effects of Quillaja saponaria Extracts Against Human Noroviral Surrogates
AbstractAqueous extracts ofQuillaja saponaria Molina are US FDA approved as food additives in beverages with known antiviral activity. Due to lack of commercially available vaccines against human noroviruses (HNoVs), alternate methods to prevent their spread and the subsequent emergence of variant strains are being researched. Furthermore, HNoVs are not yet culturable at high enough titers to determine inactivation, therefore surrogates continue to be used. This research analyzed the effect of aqueousQuillaja saponaria extracts (QE) against HNoV surrogates, Tulane virus (TV), murine norovirus (MNV-1), and feline caliciviru...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 15, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
High-Intensity Ultraviolet-C Irradiation Efficiently Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 Under Typical Cold Chain Temperature
AbstractSARS-CoV-2 contaminated items in the cold chain becomes a threat to public health, therefore the effective and safe sterilization method fit for the low temperature is needed. Ultraviolet is an effective sterilization method while its effect on SARS-CoV-2 under low-temperature environment is unclear. In this research, the sterilization effect of high-intensity ultraviolet-C (HIUVC) irradiation against SARS-CoV-2 andStaphylococcus aureus on different carriers at 4 °C and − 20 °C was investigated. The results showed that dose of 15.3 mJ/cm2 achieved more than 3 log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 on gauze at 4 °...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 8, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
The Inhibition and Variability of Two Different RT-qPCR Assays Used for Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater
This study indicates the importance of thorough method optimisation for RT- qPCR-based WBE which should be performed using a selection of samples which are representative of the physiochemical properties of wastewater. Furthermore, RT-qPCR inhibition, analytical variability and reverse transcription efficiency should be key considerations during assay optimisation. A standa rdised framework for the optimisation and validation of WBE procedures should be formed including concessions for emergency response situations that would allow flexibility in the process to address the difficult balance between the urgency of providing...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - February 15, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Surface Inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate with Hypochlorous Acid is Impacted by Surface Type, Contact Time, Inoculum Matrix, and Concentration
AbstractIndirect contact with contaminated surfaces is a potential transmission route for COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate convenient and inexpensive surface sanitization methods, such as HOCl, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, Phi6 (~ 7 log PFU/mL), was prepared in artificial saliva and tripartite matrices, spot inoculated on coupons of either stainless steel or vinyl, and allowed to dry. The coupons were sprayed with either 500 ppm or 1000 ppm HOCl, and remained on the surface for 0 s (control), 5 s, 30 s, or 60 s. Samp les were enu...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - January 21, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Temperature Dependent Depuration of Norovirus GII and Tulane Virus from Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
This study addresses the ability of elevated water temperatures to enhance the elimination of NoV and Tulane virus (TuV) from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Both viruses were experimentally bioaccumulated in oysters, which were thereafter depurated at 12 °C and 17 °C for 4 weeks. Infectious TuV and viral RNA were monitored weekly for 28 days by TCID50 and (PMAxx-) RT-qPCR, respectively. TuV RNA was more persistent than NoV and decreased by < 0.5 log10 after 14 days, while NoV reductions were already > 1.0 log10 at this time. For RT-qPCR there was no detectable benefit of elevated water tempe...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - January 19, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Rapid Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Foods Using a Bioluminescent Assay in Real-Time (BART) and Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Technology
In this study, a robust, affordable, and simple assay, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay in combination with a bioluminescence-based determination of amplification in real-time (BART), was developed for the detection of HAV in different food matrices, including green onion, strawberry, mussel, and milk. The efficiencies of a one-step RT-LAMP-BART and a two-step RT-LAMP-BART were investigated for the detection of HAV in different food matrices and was compared with that of real-time RT-PCR. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP-BART assay was significantly affected by Mg2+ concentration (...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - January 14, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Investigation of Human and Animal Viruses in Water Matrices from a Rural Area in Southeastern Region of Brazil and Their Potential Use as Microbial Source-Tracking Markers
This study assessed the sources of contamination of water matrices in a rural area using detection of a host-specific virus (human adenovirus [HAdV], porcine adenovirus [PAdV] and bovine polyomaviruses [BoPyV]) as potential microbial source-tracking tool, and rotavirus A [RVA], given its epidemiological importance in Brazil. From July 2017 to June 2018, 92 samples were collected from eight points (P1-P8) of surface and raw waters in southeastern region of Brazil. Fifty-five (59.8%) were positive for HAdV, 41 (44.5%) for RVA, 10 (10.9%) for PAdV and four (4.3%) for BoPyV. HAdV and RVA were detected at all sites, and over th...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - January 11, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Assessing the Removal Efficiency of Murine Norovirus 1, Hepatitis A Virus, and Human Coronavirus 229E on Dish Surfaces Through General Wash Program of Household Dishwasher
This study confirmed the performance of household dishwashers in removing pat hogenic live viruses through the general wash program. However, residual viral RNA was not sufficiently removed. Further studies are needed to determine whether the viral RNA can be sufficiently removed using combination programs in household dishwashers.Graphical Abstract (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - January 3, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Surfactant Treatment for Efficient Gene Detection of Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water Concentrated by Ultrafiltration
In this study, the efficacy and limitations of the sodium deoxycholate (SD) treatment were assessed by quantifying a process control and indigenous viruses using 42 surface water samples concentrated with HFUF. With some exceptions, which tended to be seen in samples with high turbidity (> 4.0 NTU), virus recovery by the ultrafiltration method was sufficiently high (> 10%). RNA extraction-RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) efficiency of the process control was insufficient (10%) for 30 of the 42 HFUF concentrates without any pretreatments, but it was markedly improved for 21 of the 30 inhibitory concentrates by the ...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - January 2, 2023 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Performance of Manufacturer Cleaning Recommendations Applied to 3D Food Ink Capsules for the Control of a Human Norovirus Surrogate
This study aimed to determine if manufacturer cleaning recommendations for food ink capsules utilized in 3D food printers are adequate to control human norovirus (HuNoV). A HuNoV surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV; ~ 6 log10 PFU/mL), was inoculated onto the interior surface of stainless steel food ink capsules. Capsules were either unsoiled or soiled with one of the following: butter, protein powder solution, powdered sugar solution, or a mixture containing all three food components. The capsules were allowed to dry and then one of three hygienic protocols was applied: manual washing (MW), a dishwasher speed cycle (DSC), or a...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - November 11, 2022 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Bioaccumulation Dynamic by Crassostrea gigas Oysters of Viruses That Are Proposed as Surrogates for Enteric Virus Contamination in Environmental Samples
This study evaluated the tissue distribution of viral surrogates for enteric virus contamination after their bioaccumulation byCrassostrea gigas. Oyster tissues were analyzed for the distribution of viral surrogates (MNV-1, φX-174, and MS2) in digestive tissue (DT), gills (GL), and mantle (MT) after 4, 6, and 24 h of experimental bioaccumulation. MNV-1 had higher counts at 6 h in DT (1.2 × 103 PFU/g), followed by GL and MT (9.5 × 102 and 3.8 × 102 PFU/g, respectively). The bacteriophage φX-174 had a higher concentration in the MT at 4 and 6 h (3.0 × 102 PFU/g, in both) and MS2 in the GL after 24 ...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - October 26, 2022 Category: Virology Source Type: research
One-Year Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Rotavirus in Water Matrices from a Hot Spring Area
This study suggests that waters from swimming pools are not a source of infection for SARS-CoV-2, although more studies are needed including infectivity assays in order to confirm this statement. (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - October 1, 2022 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Microgreen Variety Impacts Leaf Surface Persistence of a Human Norovirus Surrogate
AbstractHuman norovirus (HuNoV) is a pathogenic agent that is frequently associated with foodborne disease outbreaks linked to fresh produce. Within microgreen production systems, understanding of virus transmission routes and persistence is limited. To investigate virus persistence on microgreen leaf surfaces, this study mimicked virus contaminations caused during microgreen handling by farm workers or during overhead irrigation with contaminated water. Specifically, approximately 5 log PFU of Tulane virus (TV) —a HuNoV surrogate—was inoculated on sunflower (SF) and pea shoot (PS) microgreen leaves at 7-day age. The v...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - September 23, 2022 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Comparison of Extraction Methods for the Detection of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus RNA in Goat Raw Milk and Cream Cheese
AbstractInfection with the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) can cause meningitis, meningoencephalitis and myelitis in humans. TBEV is an enveloped RNA virus of the familyFlaviviridae, which is mostly transmitted via tick bites. However, transmission by consumption of virus-contaminated goat raw milk and goat raw milk products has also been described. Only a few methods have been reported for the detection of TBEV in food so far. Here, we compare different virus extraction methods for goat raw milk and goat raw milk cream cheese and subsequent detection of TBEV-RNA by RT-qPCR. Langat virus (LGTV), a naturally attenuated...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - September 20, 2022 Category: Virology Source Type: research
