Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit and Oyster Heat Shock Protein 70
This study provides a preliminary theoretical basis for the bioaccumulation of SARS-CoV-2 in oyster tissues or using roHSP70 as the capture unit to selectively enrich virus particles for de tection. (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - April 18, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Water-Based Epidemiological Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus in South Africa
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of HEV in wastewater, surface water (rivers and standpipe/ablution water), and effluent from a piggery in South Africa. A total of 536 water samples were screened for HEV using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 21.8% (117/536) of the wastewater, river, and ablution water samples tested positive for HEV, whereas 74.4% (29/39) of the samples from the piggery tested positive. Genotyping revealed sequences belonging to HEV genotypes 3 (98%, 53/54) and 4 (2%, 1/54), with subtypes 3c, 3f, and 4b being identified. (Source:...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - April 13, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Rapid Rescue of Goose Astrovirus Genome via Red/ET Assembly
AbstractThe host-specific infection of Avian Astrovirus (AAstVs) has posed significant challenges to the poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. However, few reports exist on the functional consequences of genome diversity, cross-species infectivity and mechanisms governing virus replication of AAstVs, making it difficult to develop measures to control astrovirus transmission. Reverse genetics technique can be used to study the function of viruses at the molecular level, as well as investigating pathogenic mechanisms and guide vaccine development and disease treatment. Herein, the reverse genetics techn...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - April 6, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
The Inhibitory Effect of Resveratrol from Reynoutria japonica on MNV-1, a Human Norovirus Surrogate
In this study, the effect of resveratrol on the viability of RAW264.7 cells was examined, and murine norovirus (MNV-1) was used as a surrogate for human norovirus to evaluate the inhibitory effect of resveratrol. The concentrations of resveratrol resulting in 50% cytotoxicity (CC50) for RAW264.7 cells were 21.32 and 24.97 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively, and resveratrol at a concentration lower than the half-effective inhibitory concentration (EC50) could not damage cell DNA. The EC50 of resveratrol on MNV-1 in infected RAW264.7 cells was determined to equal 5.496 μg/mL. After RAW264.7 cells, virus, a...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - April 3, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Quantification and Potential Viability of Human Noroviruses in Final Effluent from Wastewater Treatment Works in Pretoria, South Africa
This study assessed human norovirus viability in final effluent from wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) in Pretoria, SA. Between June 2018 and August 2020, 200 samples were collected from two WWTWs, including raw sewage and final effluent. Norovirus concentrations were determined using in-house RNA standards. Viability of noroviruses in final effluent was assessed using viability RT-qPCR (vPCR) with PMAxx ™-Triton X-100. There was no significant difference in GI concentrations between raw sewage (p = 0.5663) and final effluent (p = 0.4035) samples at WWTW1 and WWTW2. WWTW1 had significantly higher GII concentrati...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 31, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Evaluation of Mastadenovirus and Rotavirus Presence in Phyllostomid, Vespertilionid, and Molossid Bats Captured in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil
AbstractBat-borne viruses may affect public health and the global economy. These mammals have a wide geographical distribution and unique biological, physiological, and immunogenic characteristics, allowing the dissemination of many known and unknown viruses. Enteric viruses, such as adeno (AdV) and rotaviruses, are recognized as the main causative agents of disease and outbreaks. In the present study, the presence of viruses fromAdenoviridae andReoviridae families was evaluated in molossid, phyllostomid, and vespertilionid bats captured in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, between September 2021 and July 2022. Sixty bat...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 26, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Recovery and Quantification of Norovirus in Air Samples from Experimentally Produced Aerosols
AbstractNorovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans across all age groups worldwide. Norovirus-infected patients can produce aerosolized droplets which play a role in gastroenteritis transmission. The study aimed to assess bioaerosol sampling in combination with a virus concentrating procedure to facilitate molecular detection of norovirus genogroup (G) II from experimentally contaminated aerosols. Using a nebulizer within an experimental chamber, aerosols of norovirus GII were generated at known concentrations. Air samples were then collected in both 5 mL and 20 mL water using the SKC BioSampler ...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 21, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Evaluation of Food Homogenates on Cell Survival In Vitro
In this study, the most robust cell line over a time period was the A549 cell line in comparison to HepG2, with PLC/PRF/5 cells being the most sensitive. Overall, this data would suggest that FH can be left in contact with A549 cells for a period of up to 72 h to maximise the potential for testing infection. Using food homogenates directly would negate any concerns over losing virus as a result of any additional processing steps. (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 18, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Norovirus GII.17 Caused Five Outbreaks Linked to Frozen Domestic Bilberries in Finland, 2019
AbstractIn March 2019, the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and Finnish Food Authority started an outbreak investigation after a notification of food business operators ’ recall of frozen bilberries due to a norovirus finding. A retrospective search was conducted in the food and waterborne outbreak notification system to identify the notifications linked to norovirus and consumption of bilberries in January–March 2019. Five outbreaks were found in which norovir us GII or GII.17 had been detected in patient samples. A pooled retrospective cohort study was performed for those four in which a questionnaire study h...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 11, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
PMAxx-RT-qPCR to Determine Human Norovirus Inactivation Following High-Pressure Processing of Oysters
In this study, RT-qPCR was used in conjunction with a derivative of the photoreactive DNA binding dye propidium monoazide (PMAxx ™) (PMAxx-RT-qPCR) to evaluate the viral capsid integrity of norovirus genogroup I and II (GI and GII) in shellfish following high pressure processing (HPP). Norovirus GI.3 and GII.4 bioaccumulated oysters were subjected to HPP at pressures of 300 and 450 MPa at 15 °C, and 300, 450 and 600 MP a at 20 °C. Samples were analysed using both RT-qPCR and PMAxx-RT-qPCR. For each sample, norovirus concentration (genome copies/g digestive tissue) determined by RT-qPCR was divided by the PMAxx-RT-...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 8, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Evaluation of Extraction Methods to Detect Noroviruses in Ready-to-Eat Raw Milk Minas Artisanal Cheese
This study aimed to assess two homogenization methods to recover norovirus from Minas artisanal cheese (MAC) made with raw bovine milk obtained from four microregions of the Minas Gerais state, Brazil, with different ripening times and geographical and abiotic characteristics. For this purpose, 33 fiscal samples were artificially contaminated with norovirus GI and GII, and Mengovirus (MgV), used as an internal process control (IPC). TRIzol® reagent and Proteinase K homogenization methods were evaluated for all samples were then subjected to RNA extraction using viral magnetic beads and RT-qPCR Taqman® for viral detection...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - March 5, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Hydroponic Nutrient Solution Temperature Impacts Tulane Virus Persistence over Time
This study aids in the (i) identification of possible food safety risks associated with hydroponic systems specifically related to nutrient solution temperature and (ii) generation of data to perform risk asses sments within CEA leaf lettuce operations to inform risk management strategies for the reduction of foodborne outbreaks, fresh produce recalls, and economic losses. (Source: Food and Environmental Virology)
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - February 27, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
CrAss-Like Phages: From Discovery in Human Fecal Metagenome to Application as a Microbial Source Tracking Marker
AbstractCrAss-like phages are a diverse group of bacteriophages genetically similar to the prototypical crAssphage (p-crAssphage), which was discovered in the human gut microbiome through a metagenomics approach. It was identified as a ubiquitous and highly abundant bacteriophage group in the gut microbiome. Initial co-occurrence analysis postulatedBacteroides spp. as the prospective bacterial host. Subsequent studies have confirmed multiple host species under Phylum Bacteroidetes and some Firmicutes. Detection of crAss-like phages in sewage-contaminated environmental water and robust correlation with enteric viruses and b...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - February 27, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Transmission of Viruses from Restroom Use: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment
In this study, we apply quantitative microbial risk assessment to quantify the risk of viral transmission by contaminated restroom fomites. We estimate risk from high-touch fomite surfaces (entrance/exit door, toilet seat) for three viruses of interest (SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus, norovirus) through eight exposure scenarios involving differing user behaviors, and the use of hand sanitizer following each scenario. We assessed the impacts of several sequences of fomite contacts in the restroom, reflecting the variability of human behavior, on infection risks for these viruses. Touching of the toilet seat was assumed to model adj...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - February 19, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
Study of Shellfish Growing Area During Normal Harvesting Periods and Following Wastewater Overflows in an Urban Estuary With Complex Hydrography
In this study, norovirus genogroup I and II, indicators of viral contamination (F-RNA bacteriophage genogroup II (F-RNA GII), crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus) andEscherichia coli were monitored during periods of normal harvesting and following overflows in two commercial shellfish growing areas in Otago Harbour (Aotearoa New Zealand). Dye tracing, drogue tracking and analysis of particle tracking modelling were also undertaken to assess the dispersion, dilution and time of travel of wastewater discharged from a pump station discharge that impacts the growing areas. Norovirus was not detected in any of the 218 shellfis...
Source: Food and Environmental Virology - February 8, 2024 Category: Virology Source Type: research
