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Cosmetic Bone-Contouring Surgery for Asians
The major needs for cosmetic facial bone surgery come from anatomic differences in facial shape and in personal preference. Especially when consulting patients with different national or ethnic backgrounds, careful attention should be paid during consultation for the ideal or desirable facial shape that they have in mind. Patients generally seek a slim and smooth-contoured face. Surgery of the cosmetic facial bone has developed from surgical experiences in facial bone trauma and congenital anomalies. A limited approach is recommended for satisfactory aesthetic outcome. Surgeons should understand the basic procedures of L-s...
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - September 25, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Sanghoon Park Source Type: research

Facial Plastic Surgery Procedures in the Non-Caucasian Population
Most of the literature and the instructional information publications regarding facial plastic surgery procedures has historically been from North American or European sources. Because of that history, much of the focus and development of clinical surgical information and facial plastic procedures has been described utilizing a Caucasian patient base. However, there has been tremendous growth and expansion internationally in the interest in facial plastic procedures, and accordingly, the ethnic patient population base has greatly expanded. (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - September 25, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: J. Regan Thomas Tags: Foreword Source Type: research

Facial Plastic Surgery Procedures in the Non-Caucasian Population
FACIAL PLASTIC SURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - September 25, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Yong Ju Jang Source Type: research

Copyright
ELSEVIER (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - September 25, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Source Type: research

Contributors
J. REGAN THOMAS, MD (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - September 25, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Source Type: research

Contents
J. Regan Thomas (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - September 25, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Modern Approaches to Facial and Athletic Injuries (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - September 25, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Source Type: research

Lessons from Gracilis Free Tissue Transfer for Facial Paralysis
Outcomes following free gracilis muscle transfer have steadily improved during the past decade. Areas for continued improvement include re-creating natural smile vectors, improving midface symmetry, minimizing scarring, improving spontaneity, and increasing reliability using various neural sources. Outcome standardization, pooled data collection, and remote data acquisition methods will facilitate comparative effectiveness research and continued surgical advancements. (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - July 1, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Matthew Q. Miller, Tessa A. Hadlock Source Type: research

Temporalis Tendon Transfer Versus Gracilis Free Muscle Transfer
Temporalis tendon transfer (T3) and gracilis free muscle transfer (GFMT) are popular techniques in lower facial rehabilitation when reinnervation techniques are unavailable. T3 involves a single-stage outpatient procedure resulting in immediate improvement in resting symmetry and a volitional smile. GFMT allows a spontaneous smile, customized vectors, and increased excursion but requires longer surgical time, a delay before movement, and specialized equipment. Ultimately, shared decision making between the clinician and patient should focus on the patient ’s goals and unique medical condition. (Source: Facial Plastic Sur...
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - July 1, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: G. Nina Lu, Patrick J. Byrne Source Type: research

Reinnervation with Selective Nerve Grafting from Multiple Donor Nerves
Nerve substitution is an important tool in facial reanimation. The goal is to reinnervate the distal facial nerve and musculature using an alternative cranial nerve in order to achieve facial movement, symmetry, and tone. Multiple donor nerves have been used for nerve transfer procedures, the most common being hypoglossal, masseteric, and cross-facial nerve graft. Each donor nerve has its advantages and disadvantages. Multiinnervation uses the use of multiple donor nerves in order to leverage the benefits while balancing the pitfalls of each nerve. The nerve transfer depends on the type of nerve injury, time since injury, ...
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - July 1, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Shiayin F. Yang, Jennifer C. Kim Source Type: research

Dual Nerve Transfer for Facial Reanimation
This article describes a method of performing a dual nerve transfer procedure and provides illustrative cases for analysis and discussion. Clinical indications, technical pearls, and pitfalls are discussed. Dual nerve transfer for facial reanimation efficiently combines the strengths of the hypoglossal and masseteric nerve transfers and builds on existing nerve transfer techniques. (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - July 1, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Tyler S. Okland, Jon-Paul Pepper Source Type: research

Modified Selective Neurectomy
All patients with postparalytic facial paralysis are at risk of developing synkinesis due to aberrant nerve regeneration. Synkinesis can result in smile dysfunction, tension, and eyelid aperture narrowing due to overactive and uncoordinated muscle activity. When the synkinesis causes an asymmetric smile, there are several treatment modalities including neurotoxin, neuromuscular retraining, and surgery. Modified selective neurectomy of the facial nerve is a treatment option that potentially can improve the smile mechanism by reducing the activity of counterproductive facial muscles while preserving the natural neural pathwa...
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - July 1, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Babak Azizzadeh, Nikolaus Hjelm Source Type: research

Dual Innervation of Free Functional Muscle Flaps in Facial Paralysis
Dual innervation in free muscle flap facial reanimation has been used to create a functional synergy between the powerful commissure excursion that can be achieved with the masseter nerve and the spontaneity that can be derived from a cross-face nerve graft. The gracilis has been the most frequently used muscle flap, and multiple combinations of neurorrhaphies have been described, including the masseter to the obturator (end-to-end) combined with a cross-face nerve graft to the obturator (end-to-side) and vice versa. Single and staged approaches have been reported. Minimally, dual innervation is as effective as using the m...
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - July 1, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Michael J. Klebuc, Amy S. Xue, Andres F. Doval Source Type: research

Eyelid Coupling Using a Modified Tarsoconjunctival Flap in Facial Paralysis
Eyelid coupling using the modified tarsoconjunctival flap is an effective treatment for paralytic ectropion. Eyelid position and quality of life can be improved in patients with flaccid facial paralysis using these eyelid coupling procedures. The modified tarsoconjunctival flap can obscure the lateral visual field by coupling the eyelids, but without distortion of the canthal angle and eyelid margin. The procedure is often coupled with a lateral canthoplasty or canthopexy to address horizontal laxity of the lower eyelid. Collecting standardized outcome measures will help establish the ideal treatment paradigm of paralytic ...
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - July 1, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Raj D. Dedhia, Taha Z. Shipchandler, Travis T. Tollefson Source Type: research

Perceptions of Patients with Facial Paralysis
The goal of this article is to better understand the social impact of facial paralysis. Patients with facial paralysis may suffer from impaired social interactions, disruption of self-concept, psychological distress, and decreased overall quality of life. Vigilance in detecting patients suffering from mental health issues may result in providing early referral for psychological evaluation and psychosocial support resources complementing facial reanimation treatment. (Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America)
Source: Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America - July 1, 2021 Category: Cosmetic Surgery Authors: Sofia Lyford-Pike, Jason C. Nellis Source Type: research