Neuropsychological Genotype –Phenotype in Patients with Williams Syndrome with Atypical Deletions: A Systematic Review

The objective of this systematic review was to analyze and synthesize the variability of the cognitive and behavioral profile of WS with atypical deletion and its probable relationship with the affected genes. The medical subject headings searched were"Williams syndrome,""genotype,""phenotype,""cognitive profile," and “atypical deletion.” The studies included were in English or Spanish, with children and adults, and published between January 2000 and October 2022. Twenty-three studies are reported. The characteristics of the participants, the genes involved, the neuropsychological domains and instruments, and the prevalence of the WS cognitive profile criteria were used for the genotype–phenotype analysis. The genes with a major impact on the cognitive profile of WS were (a)LIMK1 and those belonging to theGTF2I family, the former with a greater influence on visuospatial abilities; (b)GTF2IRD1 andGTF2I, which have an impact on intellectual capacity as well as on visuospatial and social skills; (c)FZD9,BAZ1B,STX1A, andCLIP2, which influence the cognitive profile if other genes are also effected; and (d)GTF2IRD2, which is related to the severity of the effect on visuospatial and social skills, producing a behavioral phenotype like that of the autism spectrum. The review revealed four neuropsychological phenotypes, depending on the genes involved, and established the need for more comprehensive study of the neuropsychological profile ...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research