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Effects of Neurotrophic Factors in Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System: Expression and Properties in Neurodegeneration and Injury
Conclusion and Future Aspects This review summarizes available NTF expression data, compiles existing evidence on the effects of glial NTF signaling in healthy conditions and in disease models (Figure 1), and highlights the importance of this topic for future studies. The relationship between NTFs and glia is crucial for both the developing and adult brain. While some of these factors, such as NT-3 and CNTF, have highly potent effects on gliogenesis, others like BDNF and GDNF, are important for glia-mediated synapse formation. Neurotrophic factors play significant roles during neurodegenerative disorders. In many cases, ...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 25, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research

Iron Metabolism and Brain Development in Premature Infants
Yafeng Wang1,2,3, Yanan Wu2, Tao Li1,2,3, Xiaoyang Wang2,4 and Changlian Zhu2,3* 1Department of Neonatology (NICU), Children’s Hospital Affiliated Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 2Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China 3Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 4Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Got...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 24, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research

Glutamate Transport and Preterm Brain Injury
Silvia Pregnolato1*, Elavazhagan Chakkarapani1, Anthony R. Isles2 and Karen Luyt1 1Department of Neonatal Neurology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom 2Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of child death worldwide and a top global health priority. Among the survivors, the risk of life-long disabilities is high, including cerebral palsy and impairment of movement, cognition, and beh...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 23, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research

Multimodal Optical Diagnostics of the Microhaemodynamics in Upper and Lower Limbs
Conclusion The use of optical non-invasive diagnostic methods has a great potential for the detection of concomitant microcirculation disorders in patients with rheumatic diseases and diabetes. In this review, it was shown that the use of laser Doppler flowmetry, optical tissue oximetry and fluorescence spectroscopy together or separately may have important diagnostic value for the detection of violations, assessment of their severity, as well as for the analysis of the effectiveness of the therapy. The joint application of the considered technologies with the methods of machine learning (discriminant analysis) can be use...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 15, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research

Benefits of Motor Imagery for Human Space Flight: A Brief Review of Current Knowledge and Future Applications
Conclusion: How to Implement MI Into the Preparation and Mission of the Astronauts Motor imagery should ideally be performed before, during, and after exposure to microgravity to prepare for the lack of gravity, counteract the effects of weightlessness and promote the re-adaptation to normogravity. A quite similar theoretical viewpoint had been nicely proposed by Bock et al. (2015), who more specifically focused on the preparation period few days before landing. These authors developed two phases of individual MI training program to reach an optimal level of preparation before exposure to microgravity. In the first phase,...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 10, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research

A Hierarchy of corticospinal plasticity in human hand and forearm muscles.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PMID: 30839110 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: The Journal of Physiology - March 5, 2019 Category: Physiology Authors: Foysal KMR, Baker SN Tags: J Physiol Source Type: research

The dynamics of cortical GABA in human motor learning.
This study used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify the concentration of GABA in human motor cortex during a period of motor learning, as well as during a period of movement, and a period at rest. We report evidence for a reduction in the MRS-measured concentration of GABA specific to learning. Further, the GABA concentration early in the learning task was strongly correlated with the magnitude of subsequent learning: higher GABA concentrations were associated with poorer learning. The results provide an initial insight into the neurochemical correlates of cortical plasticity associated with motor learning, s...
Source: The Journal of Physiology - October 9, 2018 Category: Physiology Authors: Kolasinski J, Hinson EL, Divanbeighi Zand AP, Rizov A, Emir UE, Stagg CJ Tags: J Physiol Source Type: research

Post Stroke Cognitive Impairment and Hippocampal Neurovascular Remodeling: The Impact of Diabetes and Sex.
Abstract Diabetes increases the risk and severity of cognitive impairment, especially after ischemic stroke. Pathological remodeling of the cerebrovasculature has been postulated to contribute to poor neuronal repair and worsened cognitive deficits in diabetes. However, little is known about the effect of diabetes on the vascularization of hippocampus, a domain critical to memory and learning. Therefore we had two aims for this study: 1) to determine the impact of diabetes on hippocampal neurovascular remodeling and the resulting cognitive impairment after stroke using two models with varying disease severity, and...
Source: American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology - August 17, 2018 Category: Physiology Authors: Ward R, Valenzuela JP, Li W, Dong G, Fagan SC, Ergul A Tags: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol Source Type: research

Acute cardiovascular exercise does not enhance locomotor learning in people with stroke.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PMID: 29603752 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: The Journal of Physiology - March 31, 2018 Category: Physiology Authors: Roig M, de Las Heras B Tags: J Physiol Source Type: research

A single exercise bout and locomotor learning after stroke: physiological, behavioral, and computational outcomes.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PMID: 29569729 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: The Journal of Physiology - March 23, 2018 Category: Physiology Authors: Charalambous CC, Alcantara CC, French MA, Li X, Matt KS, Kim HE, Morton SM, Reisman DS Tags: J Physiol Source Type: research

miR-149 reduces while let-7 elevates ASIC1a expression in vitro.
Authors: Jiang YQ, Zha XM Abstract Acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) is the key subunit that determines acid-activated currents in neurons. ASIC1a is important for neural plasticity, learning, and for multiple neurological diseases, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic injuries. These findings underline the importance for better defining mechanisms that regulate ASIC1a expression. During the past decade, microRNA has emerged as one important group of regulatory molecules in controlling protein expression. However, little is known about whether microRNA regulates ASIC1a. Here, we assessed several m...
Source: International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology - December 7, 2017 Category: Physiology Tags: Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol Source Type: research

Failure to account for practice effects leads to clinical misinterpretation of cognitive outcome following carotid endarterectomy
Abstract Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a surgical procedure to remove stenotic atherosclerotic plaque from the origin of the carotid artery to reduce the risk of major stroke. Its impact on postoperative cognitive function (POCF) remains controversial; complicated, in part, by a traditional failure to account for practice effects incurred during consecutive psychometric testing. To address this for the first time, we performed psychometric testing (learning and memory, working memory, attention and information processing, and visuomotor coordination) in 15 male patients aged 68 ± 8 years with symptomatic carotid sten...
Source: Physiological Reports - June 14, 2017 Category: Physiology Authors: Christopher J. Marley, Andrew Sinnott, Judith E. Hall, Gareth Morris ‐Stiff, Paul V. Woodsford, Michael H. Lewis, Damian M. Bailey Tags: Original Research Source Type: research

Focus of attention changes intracortical excitability in the primary motor cortex
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Source: Acta Physiologica - November 1, 2016 Category: Physiology Authors: Welber Marinovic Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Linagliptin treatment improves cerebrovascular function and remodeling and restores reduced cerebral perfusion in Type 2 diabetes
In this study, we hypothesized that DPP-IV inhibition with linagliptin would improve impaired cerebral perfusion in diabetic rats, as well as improve insulin-induced cerebrovascular relaxation and reverse pathological cerebrovascular remodeling. We further postulated that these changes would lead to a subsequent improvement of cognitive function. Male Type-2 diabetic and nondiabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats were treated with linagliptin for 4 wk, and blood glucose and DPP-IV plasma levels were assessed. Cerebral perfusion was assessed after treatment using laser-Doppler imaging, and dose response to insulin (10–13 M–...
Source: AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology - August 31, 2016 Category: Physiology Authors: Hardigan, T., Yasir, A., Abdelsaid, M., Coucha, M., El-Shaffey, S., Li, W., Johnson, M. H., Ergul, A. Tags: Obesity, Diabetes and Energy Homeostasis Source Type: research

Linagliptin treatment improves cerebrovascular function and remodeling and restores reduced cerebral perfusion in type 2 diabetes.
In this study, we hypothesized that DPP-IV inhibition with linagliptin would improve impaired cerebral perfusion in diabetic rats as well as improve insulin-induced cerebrovascular relaxation and reverse pathological cerebrovascular remodeling. We further postulated that these changes would lead to a subsequent improvement of cognitive function. Male type-2 diabetic and nondiabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were treated with linagliptin for four weeks, and blood glucose and DPP-IV plasma levels were assessed. Cerebral perfusion was assessed post-treatment using laser Doppler imaging, and dose response to insulin (10(-13)- 10...
Source: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology - June 28, 2016 Category: Physiology Authors: Hardigan T, Yasir A, Abdelsaid M, Coucha M, El-Shaffey S, Li W, Johnson MH, Ergul A Tags: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol Source Type: research

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