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Microglia/Macrophage Polarization After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Source: Translational Stroke Research - October 7, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Pharmacological Preventions of Brain Injury Following Experimental Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: an Up-to-Date Review
Abstract Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is defined as the rupture of immature blood vessels in the subependymal zone of premature infants with significant mortality and morbidity. Considering the notable social and ecological stress brought by GMH-induced brain injury and sequelae, safe and efficient pharmacological preventions are badly needed. Currently, several appropriate animal models are available to mimic the clinical outcomes of GMH in human patients. In the long run, hemorrhagic strokes are the research target. Previously, we found that minocycline was efficient to alleviate GMH-induced brain edema and ...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - November 11, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Sex Differences in the Formation of Intracranial Aneurysms and Incidence and Outcome of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Review of Experimental and Human Studies
Abstract Intracranial aneurysms are defined as pathological dilatations of cerebral arteries and rupture of intracranial aneurysms leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The goal of this review was to outline the sex differences in the formation and progression of intracranial aneurysms as well as sex-related differences in incidence and outcome of SAH. The literature review was performed using PubMed with a combination of these search terms: “subarachnoid hemorrhage,” “incidence,” “outcome,” “sex,” “gender,” “male,” “female,” “experimental,” “mice,” and “rats.” Studies wri...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - November 16, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Animal Models for the Study of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Are We Moving Towards Increased Standardization?
Source: Translational Stroke Research - January 12, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Re-exploring Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha as a Target for Therapy in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Abstract Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a perplexing condition with high mortality and no treatment beyond supportive care. A major portion of the injurious process is takes place during the hours following the development of hematoma. This so-called secondary injury is characterized by an inflammatory cascade that involves a variety of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Several studies in the rodent model of ICH have shown a rapid increase in brain concentrations of TNF-α following hematoma induction. There is a reasonable body of evidence from experimental models of ICH suggesting that upre...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - January 14, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Relation to Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 on Pathogenesis of Cerebral Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rabbit
Abstract Endothelial dysfunctions that include decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity and increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) bioactivity have been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Recent cardiovascular studies have revealed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in a disturbance in cross-talk between NO and ET-1. COX-2 expression was detected in the endothelial cells of a spastic artery after experimental SAH; however, the pathophysiological significance of COX-2 in relation to CVS remains unclear. The aim of this study was to ...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - April 4, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Microglia Activation and Polarization After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice: the Role of Protease-Activated Receptor-1
In conclusion, these results suggest that polarized microglia occur dynamically after ICH and that PAR-1 plays a role in the microglia activation and polarization.
Source: Translational Stroke Research - May 20, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Integrin β8 Deletion Enhances Vascular Dysplasia and Hemorrhage in the Brain of Adult Alk1 Heterozygous Mice
Abstract Brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM), characterized by tangled dysplastic vessels, is an important cause of intracranial hemorrhage in young adults, and its pathogenesis and progression are not fully understood. Patients with haploinsufficiency of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors, activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) or endoglin (ENG) have a higher incidence of bAVM than the general population. However, bAVM does not develop effectively in mice with the same haploinsufficiency. The expression of integrin β8 subunit (ITGB8), another member in the TGF-β superfamily, is reduced in spora...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - June 28, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Intraventricular Hemorrhage: the Role of Blood Components in Secondary Injury and Hydrocephalus
Source: Translational Stroke Research - June 29, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Intravascular Inflammation Triggers Intracerebral Activated Microglia and Contributes to Secondary Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (eSAH)
AbstractActivation of innate immunity contributes to secondary brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (eSAH). Microglia accumulation and activation within the brain has recently been shown to induce neuronal cell death after eSAH. In isolated mouse brain capillaries after eSAH, we show a significantly increased gene expression for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and P-selectin. Hence, we hypothesized that extracerebral intravascular inflammatory processes might initiate the previously reported microglia accumulation within the brain tissue. We therefore induced eSAH in knockout mice for ICAM-1 (...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - July 31, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Higher Cerebrospinal Fluid pH may Contribute to the Development of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
This study revealed higher CSF pH and lower CSF PCO2 as new potential contributors to the development of DCI, which might result from inappropriate CSF drainage that failed to remove clot and acid metabolites in it efficiently. Both of the disturbed CSF gas and inappropriate CSF drainage may cause constriction of the arteries and arterioles, leading to DCI.
Source: Translational Stroke Research - September 13, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Inhibition of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption by an Apolipoprotein E-Mimetic Peptide Ameliorates Early Brain Injury in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
This study investigated whether an ApoE-mimetic peptide affords neuroprotection in early brain injury (EBI) following SAH by attenuating BBB disruption. SAH was induced by an endovascular perforation in young, healthy, male wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice. Multiple techniques, including MRI with T2-weighted imaging,18 FDG PET-CT scanning and histological studies, were used to examine BBB integrity and neurological dysfunction in EBI following SAH. We found that SAH induced a significant increase of BBB permeability and neuron apoptosis, whereas ApoE-mimetic peptide treatment significantly reduced the degradation of tight junc...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - October 30, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Role of Glibenclamide in Brain Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
AbstractBrain edema following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes severe secondary brain injury, and no efficient pharmacological preventions are available. The present study was designed to demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of glibenclamide on brain edema and key factors of the blood –brain barrier (BBB). The study was divided into two parts. First, we utilized an autoblood-induced rat model to investigate the expression of sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1). Second, rats were randomized into sham, vehicle, and glibenclamide groups. Neurological scores, brain water content, Evans blue extravasation, Morris water maz...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - November 2, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

MRI Characterization in the Acute Phase of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
In conclusion, T2 lesion, WMI, and hydrocephalus were the most prevalent MRI characteristics 24 h after experimental SAH. The T2 lesion area matched with fibrinogen/fibrin positive staining in the acute phase of SAH. SAH induced more s evere brain injury in females compared to males in the acute phase of SAH.
Source: Translational Stroke Research - November 27, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Simvastatin Promotes Hematoma Absorption and Reduces Hydrocephalus Following Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Part by Upregulating CD36
AbstractWe previously found that hematoma worsens hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) via increasing iron deposition and aggravating ependymal cilia injury; therefore, promoting hematoma absorption may be a promising strategy for IVH. Recently, some investigations imply that simvastatin has the ability of accelerating hematoma absorption. Thus, this study was designed to examine the efficacy of simvastatin for IVH in rats. Intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension was induced in adult male Sprague –Dawley rats after autologous blood injection. Simvastatin or vehicle was administered orally at ...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - January 18, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

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