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Total 656 results found since Jan 2013.

Wavy movements of epidermis monocilia drive the neurula rotation that determines left-right asymmetry in ascidian embryos.
Abstract Tadpole larvae of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, show morphological left-right asymmetry in the brain structures and the orientation of tail bending within the vitelline membrane. Neurula embryos rotate along the anterior-posterior axis in a counterclockwise direction, and then this rotation stops when the left side of the embryo is oriented downwards. Contact of the left-side epidermis with the vitelline membrane promotes nodal gene expression in the left-side epidermis. This is a novel mechanism in which rotation of whole embryos provides the initial cue for breaking left-right symmetry. Here we sho...
Source: Developmental Biology - July 27, 2018 Category: Biology Authors: Yamada S, Tanaka Y, Imai KS, Saigou M, Onuma TA, Nishida H Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Aerodynamic characteristics along the wing span of a dragonfly Pantala Flavescens RESEARCH ARTICLE
Csaba Hefler, Huihe Qiu, and Wei Shyy We investigate the characteristics of inter-wing aerodynamic interactions across the span of the high-aspect-ratio, flexible wings of dragonflies under tethered and free-flying conditions. The effects of the interactions on the hindwings vary across four spanwise regions. (I) Close to the wing root, a trailing-edge vortex (TEV) is formed by each stroke, while the formation of a leading-edge vortex (LEV) is limited by the short translational distance of the hindwing and suppressed by the forewing-induced flow. (II) In the region away from the wing root but not quite up to midspan, the f...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - August 14, 2018 Category: Biology Authors: Hefler, C., Qiu, H., Shyy, W. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Foot-propelled swimming kinematics and turning strategies in common loons RESEARCH ARTICLE
Glenna T. Clifton and Andrew A Biewener Loons (Gaviiformes) are arguably one of the most successful groups of swimming birds. As specialist foot-propelled swimmers, loons are capable of diving up to 70 meters, remaining underwater for several minutes, and capturing fish. Despite the swimming prowess of loons, their undomesticated nature has prevented prior quantitative analysis. Our study used high-speed underwater cameras to film healthy common loons (Gavia immer) at the Tufts Wildlife Clinic in order to analyze their swimming and turning strategies. Loons swim by synchronously paddling their feet laterally at an average ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - August 20, 2018 Category: Biology Authors: Clifton, G. T., Biewener, A. A. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Aerodynamic characteristics along the wing span of a dragonfly Pantala flavescens RESEARCH ARTICLE
Csaba Hefler, Huihe Qiu, and Wei Shyy We investigated the characteristics of interwing aerodynamic interactions across the span of the high aspect ratio, flexible wings of dragonflies under tethered and free-flying conditions. This revealed that the effects of the interactions on the hindwings vary across four spanwise regions. (i) Close to the wing root, a trailing-edge vortex (TEV) is formed by each stroke, while the formation of a leading-edge vortex (LEV) is limited by the short translational distance of the hindwing and suppressed by the forewing-induced flow. (ii) In the region away from the wing root but not quite ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - October 4, 2018 Category: Biology Authors: Hefler, C., Qiu, H., Shyy, W. Tags: Comparative biomechanics of movement RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Using a shell as a wing: pairing of dissimilar appendages in Atlantiid heteropod swimming SHORT COMMUNICATION
Ferhat Karakas, Daniel D'Oliveira, Amy E. Maas, and David W. Murphy Atlantiid heteropods are zooplanktonic marine snails which have a calcium carbonate shell and single swimming fin. They actively swim to hunt prey and vertically migrate. Previous accounts of atlantiid heteropod swimming described these animals sculling with the swimming fin while the shell passively hung beneath the body. Here we show, via high speed stereophotogrammetric measurements of body, fin, and shell kinematics, that the atlantiid heteropod Atlanta selvagensis actively flaps both the swimming fin and shell in a highly coordinated wing-like manner ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - October 22, 2018 Category: Biology Authors: Karakas, F., D'Oliveira, D., Maas, A. E., Murphy, D. W. Tags: SHORT COMMUNICATION Source Type: research

Using a shell as a wing: pairing of dissimilar appendages in atlantiid heteropod swimming SHORT COMMUNICATION
Ferhat Karakas, Daniel D'Oliveira, Amy E. Maas, and David W. Murphy Atlantiid heteropods are zooplanktonic marine snails which have a calcium carbonate shell and single swimming fin. They actively swim to hunt prey and vertically migrate. Previous accounts of atlantiid heteropod swimming described these animals sculling with the swimming fin while the shell passively hung beneath the body. Here, we show, via high-speed stereophotogrammetric measurements of body, fin and shell kinematics, that the atlantiid heteropod Atlanta selvagensis actively flaps both the swimming fin and shell in a highly coordinated wing-like manner...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - December 7, 2018 Category: Biology Authors: Karakas, F., D'Oliveira, D., Maas, A. E., Murphy, D. W. Tags: SHORT COMMUNICATION Source Type: research

Dynamics of blood circulation during diving in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): the role of the retia mirabilia RESEARCH ARTICLE
Marco Bonato, Paola Bagnoli, Cinzia Centelleghe, Mike Maric, Ginevra Brocca, Sandro Mazzariol, and Bruno Cozzi The retia mirabilia are vascular nets composed of small vessels dispersed among numerous veins, allowing blood storage, regulation of flow and pressure damping effects. Here, we investigated their potential role during the diving phase of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). To this effect, the whole vertebral retia mirabilia of a series of dolphins were removed during post-mortem analysis and examined to assess vessel diameters, and estimate vascular volume and flow rate. We formulated a new hemodynamic ...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - March 6, 2019 Category: Biology Authors: Bonato, M., Bagnoli, P., Centelleghe, C., Maric, M., Brocca, G., Mazzariol, S., Cozzi, B. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

NLRP3 inflammasome activates interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis during ischaemia-reperfusion injury in cerebral ischaemia in mice
Publication date: Available online 16 April 2019Source: Life SciencesAuthor(s): Haining Wang, Di Zhong, Hongping Chen, Jing Jin, Qingqing Liu, Guozhong LiAbstractAimsNLRP3 inflammasome has been reported associated with some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We previously researches showed that interleukin-23 (IL-23) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) aggravates the ischaemic injury of the brain tissue. However, it is poorly understood whether the NLPR3 inflammasome was involved in regulating and activating the IL-23/IL-17 axis in ischaemic stroke. We aimed to delineate whether the NLRP3 inflammasome signalling provokes the IL-...
Source: Life Sciences - April 17, 2019 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Selenoprotein T as a new positive inotrope in the goldfish Carassius auratus RESEARCH ARTICLE
This study aimed to evaluate the cardiac expression of SELENOT, and the effects of exogenous PSELT (a 43-52 SELENOT derived-peptide) on the heart function of C. auratus, a hypoxia tolerance fish model. We found that SELENOT was expressed in cardiac extracts of juvenile and adult fish, located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) together with calsequestrin-2. Expression increased under acute hypoxia. On ex vivo isolated and perfused goldfish heart preparations, under normoxia, PSELT dose-dependently increased Stroke Volume (SV), Cardiac Output (Q), and Stroke Work (SW), by involving cAMP, PKA, L-type calcium channels, SERCA2...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - May 12, 2019 Category: Biology Authors: Rosa, M., Alfonsina, G., Sandra, I., Loubna, B., Serena, L., Yamine, M. B., Mariacristina, F., Carmine, R., Tommaso, A., Youssef, A., Carmela, C. M. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Upstroke-based acceleration and head stabilization are the norm for the wing-propelled swimming of alcid seabirds RESEARCH ARTICLE
Anthony B. Lapsansky and Bret W. Tobalske Alcids, a family of seabirds including murres, guillemots, and puffins, exhibit the greatest mass-specific dive depths and durations of any birds or mammals. These impressive diving capabilities have motivated numerous studies on the biomechanics of alcid swimming and diving, with one objective being to compare stroke-acceleration patterns of swimming alcids to those of penguins, where upstroke and downstroke are used for horizontal acceleration. Studies of free-ranging, descending alcids have found that alcids accelerate in the direction of travel during both their upstroke and do...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - June 2, 2019 Category: Biology Authors: Lapsansky, A. B., Tobalske, B. W. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Selenoprotein T as a new positive inotrope in the goldfish, Carassius auratus RESEARCH ARTICLE
This study aimed to evaluate the cardiac expression of SELENOT, and the effects of exogenous PSELT (a 43–52 SELENOT-derived peptide) on the heart function of C. auratus, a hypoxia tolerance fish model. We found that SELENOT was expressed in cardiac extracts of juvenile and adult fish, located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) together with calsequestrin-2. Expression increased under acute hypoxia. On ex vivo isolated and perfused goldfish heart preparations, under normoxia, PSELT dose dependently increased stroke volume (VS), cardiac output and stroke work (SW), involving cAMP, PKA, L-type calcium channels, SERCA2...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - June 3, 2019 Category: Biology Authors: Mazza, R., Gattuso, A., Imbrogno, S., Boukhzar, L., Leo, S., Mallouki, B. Y., Filice, M., Rocca, C., Angelone, T., Anouar, Y., Cerra, M. C. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

The interleukin-4/PPAR γ signaling axis promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination after brain injury
by Qingxiu Zhang, Wen Zhu, Fei Xu, Xuejiao Dai, Ligen Shi, Wei Cai, Hongfeng Mu, T. Kevin Hitchens, Lesley M. Foley, Xiangrong Liu, Fang Yu, Jie Chen, Yejie Shi, Rehana K. Leak, Yanqin Gao, Jun Chen, Xiaoming Hu The repair of white matter damage is of paramount importance for functional recovery after brain injuries. Here, we report that interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination. IL-4 receptor expression was detected in a variety of glial cells after ischemic brain injur y, including oligodendrocyte lineage cells. IL-4 deficiency in knockout mice resulted in greater deterioration of whit...
Source: PLoS Biology: Archived Table of Contents - June 20, 2019 Category: Biology Authors: Qingxiu Zhang Source Type: research

NIH scientists identify spasm in women with endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain
(NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) Pelvic pain associated with endometriosis often becomes chronic and can persist (or recur) following surgical and hormonal interventions. According to results published in Regional Anesthesia& Pain Medicine, treating pelvic floor muscle spasm with botulinum toxin may relieve pain and improve quality of life. The study was conducted by scientists at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the National Institutes of Health.
Source: EurekAlert! - Biology - July 11, 2019 Category: Biology Source Type: news

Upstroke-based acceleration and head stabilization are the norm for the wing-propelled swimming of alcid seabirds RESEARCH ARTICLE
Anthony B. Lapsansky and Bret W. Tobalske Alcids, a family of seabirds including murres, guillemots and puffins, exhibit the greatest mass-specific dive depths and durations of any birds or mammals. These impressive diving capabilities have motivated numerous studies on the biomechanics of alcid swimming and diving, with one objective being to compare stroke–acceleration patterns of swimming alcids with those of penguins, where upstroke and downstroke are used for horizontal acceleration. Studies of free-ranging, descending alcids have found that alcids accelerate in the direction of travel during both their upstrok...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - July 1, 2019 Category: Biology Authors: Lapsansky, A. B., Tobalske, B. W. Tags: Comparative biomechanics of movement RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research