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Total 84794 results found since Jan 2013.
The local enhancement conundrum: In search of the adaptive value of a social learning mechanism.
Abstract
Social learning mechanisms are widely thought to vary in their degree of complexity as well as in their prevalence in the natural world. While learning the properties of a stimulus that generalize to similar stimuli at other locations (stimulus enhancement), prima facie appears more useful to an animal than learning about a specific stimulus at a specific location (local enhancement), empirical evidence suggests that the latter is much more widespread in nature. Simulating populations engaged in a producer-scrounger game, we sought to deploy mathematical models to identify the adaptive benefits of relianc...
Source: Theoretical Population Biology - September 14, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Arbilly M, Laland KN Tags: Theor Popul Biol Source Type: research
Search for extraterrestrial life more difficult than thought
(University of Toronto) A new study from the University of Toronto Scarborough suggests the search for life on planets outside our solar system may be more difficult than previously thought. The study, authored by a team of international researchers led by UTSC assistant professor Hanno Rein from the Department of Physical and Environmental Science, finds the method used to detect biosignatures on such planets, known as exoplanets, can produce a false positive result.
Source: EurekAlert! - Biology - April 29, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: news
NSF-managed US Antarctic Program recognized for its search-and-rescue efforts
(National Science Foundation) The New Zealand Search and Rescue Council has recognized the US Antarctic Program, which is managed by the National Science Foundation's Division of Polar Programs, for its cooperation with Antarctica New Zealand in response to the January 2013 loss of a Twin Otter aircraft and its crew in the Antarctic.
Source: EurekAlert! - Biology - May 14, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: news
Discovery of new non‐steroidal Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) modulators through 3D shape similarity search and structure‐based virtual screening
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The results of transient transfection experiments showed that two compounds can inhibit FXR functions in a concentration‐dependent manner with IC50 of 8.39 and 6.53 μM, respectively. Both of them can comfortably fit in the FXR binding pocket.
Source: Chemical Biology and Drug Design - September 16, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Lei Wang, Pei Si, Yayun Sheng, Yingjie Chen, Ping Wan, Xu Shen, Yun Tang, Lili Chen, Weihua Li Tags: Research Letter Source Type: research
Discovery of New Non‐Steroidal Farnesoid X Receptor Modulators Through 3D Shape Similarity Search and Structure‐Based Virtual Screening
In this study, to discover new FXR modulators, we have designed a strategy by combining 3D shape similarity search and structure‐based docking methods. Taking two FXR ligands that we previously reported as the reference molecules, virtual screening was performed against the Enamine database, and finally 59 compounds were selected for bioassay. Among them, four compounds exhibited agonistic or antagonistic activities against FXR in homogeneous time resolved fluorescence assay. Two of them were found to be new, potent FXR antagonists in cell‐based assay with IC50 values of 8.39 and 6.53 μm, respectively.
The results o...
Source: Chemical Biology and Drug Design - October 10, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Lei Wang, Pei Si, Yayun Sheng, Yingjie Chen, Ping Wan, Xu Shen, Yun Tang, Lili Chen, Weihua Li Tags: Research Letter Source Type: research
Basic ingredients for mathematical modeling of tumor growth in vitro: Cooperative effects and search for space
Publication date: 21 November 2013 Source:Journal of Theoretical Biology, Volume 337 Author(s): F.H.S. Costa , M. Campos , O.E. Aiéllo , M.A.A. da Silva Based on the literature data from HT-29 cell monolayers, we develop a model for its growth, analogous to an epidemic model, mixing local and global interactions. First, we propose and solve a deterministic equation for the progress of these colonies. Thus, we add a stochastic (local) interaction and simulate the evolution of an Eden-like aggregate by using dynamical Monte Carlo methods. The growth curves of both deterministic and stochastic models are in excellent agree...
Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology - November 10, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research
Explaining the "Pulse of Protoplasm": The search for molecular mechanisms of protoplasmic streaming.
Abstract
Explanations for protoplasmic streaming began with appeals to contraction in the eighteenth century and ended with appeals to contraction in the twentieth. During the intervening years, biologists proposed a diverse array of mechanisms for streaming motions. This paper focuses on the re-emergence of contraction among the molecular mechanisms proposed for protoplasmic streaming during the twentieth century. The revival of contraction is a result of a broader transition from colloidal chemistry to a macromolecular approach to the chemistry of proteins, the recognition of the phenomena of shuttle streaming a...
Source: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology - December 2, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Dietrich MR Tags: J Integr Plant Biol Source Type: research
Bats Aggregate to Improve Prey Search but Might Be Impaired when Their Density Becomes Too High.
We present a novel system that enables full night ultrasonic recording of freely foraging bats, in addition to GPS tracking. As they rely on echolocation, audio recordings of bats allow tapping into their sensory acquisition of the world [8]. Rapid changes in echolocation allowed us to reveal the bats' dynamic reactions in response to prey or conspecifics-two key behaviors that are extremely difficult to assess in most animals. We found that bats actively aggregate and forage as a group. However, we also found that when the group became too dense, bats were forced to devote sensory attention to conspecifics that frequently...
Source: Current Biology - January 7, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Cvikel N, Egert Berg K, Levin E, Hurme E, Borissov I, Boonman A, Amichai E, Yovel Y Tags: Curr Biol Source Type: research
The search for ancestral nervous systems: an integrative and comparative approach PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER - THE EMERGENCE OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS
Richard A. Satterlie
Even the most basal multicellular nervous systems are capable of producing complex behavioral acts that involve the integration and combination of simple responses, and decision-making when presented with conflicting stimuli. This requires an understanding beyond that available from genomic investigations, and calls for a integrative and comparative approach, where the power of genomic/transcriptomic techniques is coupled with morphological, physiological and developmental experimentation to identify common and species-specific nervous system properties for the development and elaboration of phylogenom...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - February 18, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Satterlie, R. A. Tags: PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER - THE EMERGENCE OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS Source Type: research
Serotonin and the search for the anatomical substrate of aggression.
Abstract
All species of animals display aggression in order to obtain resources such as territories, mates, or food. Appropriate displays of aggression rely on the correct identification of a potential competitor, an evaluation of the environmental signals, and the physiological state of the animal. With a hard-wired circuitry involving fixed numbers of neurons, neuromodulators like serotonin offer adaptive flexibility in behavioral responses without changing the "hard-wiring". In a recent report, we combined intersectional genetics, quantitative behavioral assays and morphological analyses to identify single sero...
Source: Fly - April 29, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Alekseyenko OV, Kravitz EA Tags: Fly (Austin) Source Type: research
In-silico search of virus-specific host microRNAs regulating avian influenza virus NS1 expression.
In this study, set of differentially expressed chicken miRNA identified by deep sequencing H5N1 infected and SPF chicken lung were computationally analyzed, to identify targets in the NS1 gene. 300 differentially expressed miRNAs were then analyzed individually for target sites in gi|147667147|gb|EF362422.1| influenza A virus (A/chicken/India/NIV33487/06(H5N1)) segment 8, complete sequence using RNAhybrid 2.2. The analysis yielded gga-miR-1658* as the potential miRNA which is targeting the NS1 gene of H5N1 genome.
PMID: 25963812 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Theory in Biosciences - May 12, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Muhasin Asaf VN, Kumar A, Raut AA, Bhatia S, Mishra A Tags: Theory Biosci Source Type: research
Old-school literature search helps ecologist identify puzzling parasite
(University of Michigan) A months-long literature search that involved tracking down century-old scientific papers and translating others from Czech and French helped University of Michigan ecologist Meghan Duffy answer a question she'd wondered about for years.
Source: EurekAlert! - Biology - June 23, 2015 Category: Biology Source Type: news
The search for exercise factors in humans Review
Regular exercise reduces the risk for numerous chronic diseases. Exercise not only impacts the contracting skeletal muscle but also elicits systemic changes. The exact mechanisms driving the more systemic changes have yet to be resolved, but exercise factors are thought to be an important missing link. Exercise factors are proteins that are released from skeletal muscle into the circulation during exercise. They represent a subclass of myokines, which are classified as proteins secreted from skeletal muscle serving a signaling role. Here, we provide an overview of the current literature on myokines. Many studies have focus...
Source: FASEB Journal - April 30, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Catoire, M., Kersten, S. Tags: Review Source Type: research
Design of Protein Multi-specificity Using an Independent Sequence Search Reduces the Barrier to Low Energy Sequences
by Alexander M. Sevy, Tim M. Jacobs, James E. Crowe, Jens Meiler
Computational protein design has found great success in engineering proteins for thermodynamic stability, binding specificity, or enzymatic activity in a ‘single state’ design (SSD) paradigm. Multi-specificity design (MSD), on the other hand, involves considering the stability of multiple protein states simultaneously. We have developed a novel MSD algorithm, which we refer to as REstrained CONvergence in multi-specificity design (RECON). The algorithm allows each state to adopt its own sequence throughout the design process rather than enforcing a singl...
Source: PLoS Computational Biology - July 6, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Alexander M. Sevy et al. Source Type: research
Accelerated behavioural development changes fine-scale search behaviour and spatial memory in honey bees (Apis mellifera L) RESEARCH ARTICLE
Tomokazu Ushitani, Clint J. Perry, Ken Cheng, and Andrew B. BarronNormally worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) begin foraging when more than two weeks old as adults, but if individual bees or the colony is stressed bees often begin foraging precociously. Here we examined whether bees that accelerated their behavioural development to begin foraging precociously differed from normal-aged foragers in cognitive performance. We used a social manipulation to generate precocious foragers from small experimental colonies and tested their performance in a free-flight visual reversal learning task, and a test of spatial memory. To as...
Source: Journal of Experimental Biology - November 23, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Ushitani, T., Perry, C. J., Cheng, K., Barron, A. B. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research
