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Infectious Disease: HIV AIDS
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Progress Toward Curing HIV Infections With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Combination antiretroviral therapy can suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but cannot completely eradicate the virus. A major obstacle in the quest for a cure is the difficulty in targeting and measuring latently infected cells. To date, a single person seems to have been cured of HIV. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) preceded this cancer patient's long-term sustained HIV remission, but researchers have been unable to replicate this cure, and the mechanisms that led to HIV remission remain to be established. In February 2014, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases sponsore...
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - December 23, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Smiley, S. T., Singh, A., Read, S. W., Sharma, O. K., Finzi, D., Lane, C., Rice, J. S. Tags: HIV/AIDS Source Type: research
Title: The WASH Approach: Fighting Waterborne Disease in Emergency Situations
Refugees collect water from a public tap stand in an Adjumani settlement. © Wendee Nicole
Rhino Camp, Arua District. Refugees in Uganda live on land donated by Ugandan nationals. Refugee families are given plots on which they can build temporary shelters and grow crops.© Wendee Nicole
Oxfam staff members Tim Sutton (left) and Pius Nzuki Kitonyi (right) with the soon-to-be-repaired water pump in Adjumani. In disaster-affected situations, Oxfam takes a lead in delivering WASH-related services.© Wendee Nicole
Hand-operated water pumps are a reliable source of pre...
Source: EHP Research - December 31, 2014 Category: Environmental Health Authors: Web Admin Tags: Featured Focus News Community Health Disaster Response Drinking Water Quality Infectious Disease Infrastructure International Environmental Health Microbial Agents Sanitation Warfare and Aftermath Water Pollution Source Type: research
Medication supply for people evacuated during disasters
This article is based on a systematic literature review on medication loss, the objectives of which were to identify the extent and implications of medication loss, to identify the burden of prescription refill, and to make recommendations on effective preparedness. The review revealed that medication loss, prescription loss and refills, and the loss of medical aids are a significant burden on the medical relief teams. The medical aids are not limited to drugs, but include routine medications, medical/allergy records, devices for specific care and daily life, and emergency medications. One possible solution is to make a pe...
Source: Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine - January 16, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Sae Ochi, Susan Hodgson, Owen Landeg, Lidia Mayner, Virginia Murray Tags: EVIDENCE AID Source Type: research
Paediatric HIV grows up: recent advances in perinatally acquired HIV
This review is an update focusing on the current status of paediatric HIV in the UK and Ireland. Successes in prevention of mother to child transmission are highlighted. The changing epidemiology of the UK cohort is summarised and the shift in emphasis of treatment guidelines beyond limiting short-term morbidity and mortality to ensuring optimal health status in adult life is discussed. Current and future challenges relating to an aging cohort, successful transition to adult services and the prospect of a lifetime on antiretroviral therapy (ART), as well as the possibility of ART-free survival are also considered. While nu...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - January 20, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Bamford, A., Lyall, H. Tags: Epidemiologic studies, Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Child health, Sexual health, Guidelines Review Source Type: research
Serum free light chains in patients with HIV infection: their association with markers of disease severity and antiretroviral use
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that free light chain concentrations were significantly correlated with markers of HIV disease severity, suggesting ongoing B cell dysfunction despite ART use. Free light chain ratio was not significantly affected.
Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology - January 20, 2015 Category: Pathology Authors: Zemlin, A. E., Ipp, H., Rensburg, M. A., Germishuys, J. J., Esser, M. M., Olivier, M., Erasmus, R. T. Tags: Sexual transmitted infections (viral), Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS Original article Source Type: research
Delaying initiation of ART for 5 weeks improves survival in patients with HIV infection with cyrptococcal meningitis
Commentary on: Boulware DR, Meya DB, Muzoora C, et al.. Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2487–98. Context Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a major cause of mortality for individuals with HIV infection in Africa. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown to decrease mortality in a number of opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and Pneumocystis jirovicii pneumonia, but may increase mortality in central nervous system-related opportunistic infections such as TB meningitis.1 The timing of ART however remains controversial...
Source: Evidence-Based Medicine - January 21, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Makadzange, A. T., Mothobi, N. Tags: Sexual transmitted infections (viral), Epidemiologic studies, Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Meningitis, Pneumonia (infectious disease), Infection (neurology), Ophthalmology, Pneumonia (respiratory medicine) Therapeutics/Prevention Source Type: research
Are medications' adverse cognitive effects reversible?
(Indiana University) In a commentary in JAMA Internal Medicine, Noll Campbell, Pharm.D., and Malaz Boustani, M.D., M.P.H., of the Regenstrief Institute and the Indiana University Center for Aging Research, probe the possibility of reversing the adverse cognitive effects of medications frequently prescribed to older adults for chronic conditions including depression, anxiety and incontinence and sold over the counter as allergy and sleep aids.
Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science - January 26, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Source Type: news
Utility of bone marrow examination for workup of fever of unknown origin in patients with HIV/AIDS
Conclusions
This study supports the use of diagnostic BMAB as a rapid decision-making tool in patients with HIV and FUO in the proper clinical setting. BMAB demonstrated infection-related evidence prior to positive bone marrow culture in 75% of cases. Special stains and blood cultures had similar diagnostic yield, but BMAB offers faster results. Thus, this procedure assists in clinical decision making and the refinement of treatment in a more timely manner.
Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology - February 16, 2015 Category: Pathology Authors: Quesada, A. E., Tholpady, A., Wanger, A., Nguyen, A. N. D., Chen, L. Tags: Sexual transmitted infections (viral), Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Clinical diagnostic tests Original article Source Type: research
Management of severe acute malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries
Kwashiorkor and marasmus, collectively termed severe acute malnutrition (SAM), account for at least 10% of all deaths among children under 5 years of age worldwide, virtually all of them in low-income and middle-income countries. A number of risk factors, including seasonal food insecurity, environmental enteropathy, poor complementary feeding practices, and chronic and acute infections, contribute to the development of SAM. Careful anthropometry is key to making an accurate diagnosis of SAM and can be performed by village health workers or even laypeople in rural areas. The majority of children can be treated at home...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - February 18, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Trehan, I., Manary, M. J. Tags: Editor's choice, Immunology (including allergy), ADC Global child health, HIV/AIDS, Malnutrition, Child health, Sexual health Source Type: research
Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma presenting with recurrent demodicidosis
Demodex folliculorum is a common obligatory human ectoparasite commonly seen in areas of high sebum production that does not commonly present with clinical symptoms in the immunocompetent patient. Demodicidosis presents clinically as a rosacea-like rash when a high density of Demodex mites are present in the pilosebaceous glands. This clinical manifestation of Demodex folliculorum has been associated with primary, acquired, and malignant immunocompromised states. Although most commonly reported in patients with AIDS and pediatric patients with leukemia, it is not often seen in adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia as th...
Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology - February 21, 2015 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Monica Sandhu, Devi Jhaveri, Haig Tcheurekdjian, Robert W. Hostoffer Tags: Letter Source Type: research
Penicillin is the drug of choice to treat all stages of syphilis despite a paucity of clinical trials data for the treatment of some stages, pregnant women and HIV-infected people
Commentary on: Clement ME, Okeke NL, Hicks CB. Treatment of syphilis: a systematic review. JAMA 2014;312:1905–17. Context Syphilis rates are increasing particularly in men, many of whom are HIV co-infected. In some areas, syphilis continues to affect women leading to high rates of congenital infections. Non-treponemal serological tests are still the mainstay of staging and assessing response to therapy. These tests are, at best, an indirect marker of disease activity. In some cases, changes in non-treponemal titres may reflect factors other than syphilis infection.1 In the pre-antibiotic era, people with early syphil...
Source: Evidence-Based Medicine - March 17, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Tuddenham, S., Ghanem, K. G. Tags: Sexual transmitted infections (bacterial), Sexual transmitted infections (viral), Clinical trials (epidemiology), Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Infection (neurology), Pregnancy Therapeutics/Prevention Source Type: research
Question: Is breastfeeding useful in the management of neonatal abstinence syndrome?
Case scenario A 23-year-old woman is admitted to the postnatal ward after she gave birth to a term infant of 3 kg. During pregnancy, she is known to have used methadone. There is no known use of other illicit drugs or prescription medication. The midwife who is taking care of this woman and her baby asks if she can encourage the mother to breastfeed her child. Structured clinical question Can a mother who used methadone during pregnancy (patient) breastfeed her newborn (intervention) to help the management of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) (outcome)? Search Search strategy: terms used: Breastfeeding AND neonatal a...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - March 17, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Lefevere, J., Allegaert, K. Tags: ADC Archimedes, Liver disease, Immunology (including allergy), Hepatitis and other GI infections, HIV/AIDS, Childhood nutrition, Pregnancy, Reproductive medicine, Child health, Infant health, Infant nutrition (including breastfeeding), Neonatal health, Un Source Type: research
For most children with HIV and low immune cell count, cells rebound after treatment
UCLA Health Sciences
Dr. Paul Krogstad
Most children with HIV who have low levels of a key immune cell eventually recover levels of this cell after they begin treatment, according to a new study conducted by researchers at UCLA and other institutions in the U.S. and Brazil.
The researchers were funded by the National Institutes of Health.
“We were pleased to find that the vast majority of children experience immune system recovery with effective therapy,” said Dr. Paul Krogstad, professor of pediatric infectious diseases and of molecular and medical pharmacology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and t...
Source: UCLA Newsroom: Health Sciences - March 26, 2015 Category: Universities & Medical Training Source Type: news
The doctor who fights public health crises
The Ebola outbreak that has infected thousands of people in western Africa is a top concern of Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health. Contributor Scott Simon of NPR sat down with Dr. Fauci for some questions and answers – about fighting AIDS, Ebola and other public health crises.
Source: Health News: CBSNews.com - April 6, 2015 Category: Consumer Health News Source Type: news
Broadly Neutralizing Human Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibody 10E8 and Related Antibodies Capable of Neutralizing Most HIV-1 Strains
The uses for human anti-HIV monoclonal antibody 10E8 and its variants include passive immunization, therapeutic vaccination, and the development of vaccine immunogens. 10E8 is one of the most potent HIV-neutralizing antibodies isolated and it neutralizes up to 98% of diverse HIV-1 strains. 10E8 is specific to the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV envelope protein gp41 and 10E8 is orthogonal to other anti-HIV antibodies. In combination with other antibodies 10E8 may provide an antibody response that neutralizes nearly all strains of HIV-1. Additionally, 10E8 effectively induces antibody-dependent cellular ...
Source: NIH OTT Licensing Opportunities - May 1, 2012 Category: Research Authors: admin Source Type: research
