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Targeting the neurological comorbidities of multiple sclerosis: the beneficial effects of VIP and PACAP neuropeptides
J Integr Neurosci. 2022 Jan 28;21(1):33. doi: 10.31083/j.jin2101033.ABSTRACTVasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two widely expressed neuropeptides with important immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties in the central nervous system (CNS). Both VIP and PACAP have been implicated in several neurological diseases and have shown favourable effects in different animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the CNS affecting over 2.5 million people worldwide. The disease is characterised by extensi...
Source: Journal of Integrative Neuroscience - February 15, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Margo I Jansen Sarah Thomas Broome Alessandro Castorina Source Type: research

Dietary Insights in Neurological Diseases
This article describes the most common and impactful dietary regimens for commonly encountered neurological disorders.Recent FindingsPlant-based, low-fat, high-fiber diets, rich in antioxidants and other lifestyle interventions may reduce the burden and disability of common neurological disorders. The ketogenic diet, the diet of choice for the treatment of refractory epilepsy, is such an example.SummaryDiverse neurological disorders demonstrate several common pathophysiological mechanisms including increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and disrupted metabolism. Dietary interventions can potentially influence these...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - September 29, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases
Immune cells finely tune their intracellular metabolic activity upon activation, and such metabolic changes are crucial for their polarization, effector functions and pathogenicity. In this manuscript, we review our current knowledge about the metabolic profiles of circulating immune cells in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease, with a focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. We also discuss the importance of these metabolic changes on the development of such life-threatening diseases, and highlight how impacting immune cell metabolism may represent a novel and innovative a...
Source: Journal of Neurochemistry - July 14, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Marah C. Runtsch, Giovanni Ferrara, Stefano Angiari Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research

Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Neurological Disorders
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe menstrual cycle involves recurrent fluctuations in hormone levels and temperature via neuroendocrine feedback loops. This paper reviews the impact of the menstrual cycle on several common neurological conditions, including migraine, seizures, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and Parkinson ’s disease.Recent FindingsThe ovarian steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, have protean effects on central nervous system functioning that can impact the likelihood, severity, and presentation of many neurological diseases. Hormonal therapies have been explored as a potential treatment for many neurologic...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - May 10, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Emerging Role of PD-1 in the Central Nervous System and Brain Diseases
AbstractProgrammed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint modulator and a major target of immunotherapy as anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in cancer treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role of PD-1 in the central nervous system (CNS). PD-1 has been implicated in CNS disorders such as brain tumors, Alzheimer ’s disease, ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cognitive function, and pain. PD-1 signaling suppresses the CNS immune responsevia resident microglia and infiltrating peripheral immune cells. Notably, PD-1 is also widely express...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - April 20, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Acute motor deficit and subsequent remyelination ‐associated recovery following internal capsule demyelination in mice
In this issue, we examined the effect of focal internal capsule (IC) demyelination on motor behavior in mice. We found that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) induced demyelination at the IC resulted in acute asymmetric motor deficit, followed by subsequent remyelination ‐associated functional recovery. Our results suggest that IC demyelination is a tractable model for characterizing demyelination and remyelination through behavioral measurements, and may be used to complement future drug discovery efforts for promoting repair in inflammatory demyelinating disorde rs, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Images generated with Bio...
Source: Journal of Neurochemistry - April 2, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Reiji Yamazaki, Nobuhiko Ohno, Jeffrey K. Huang Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Development and Preliminary Validation of a Pneumatic Focal Vibration System to the Mitigation of Post-Stroke Spasticity
This study will not only provide a potential tool to relieve post-stroke spasticity, but also contribute to improving the sensory and motor function of patients with other neurological diseases, e.g. spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson and dystonia, etc.
Source: IEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering - March 5, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Metabolic Cost of Exercising With a Robotic Exoskeleton: A Comparison of Healthy and Neurologically Impaired People
While neuro-recovery is maximized through active engagement, it has been suggested that the use of robotic exoskeletons in neuro-rehabilitation provides passive therapy. Using oxygen consumption (VO2) as an indicator of energy expenditure, we investigated the metabolic requirements of completing exercises in a free-standing robotic exoskeleton, with 20 healthy and 12 neurologically impaired participants (six with stroke, and six with multiple sclerosis (MS)). Neurological participants were evaluated pre- and post- 12 weeks of twice weekly robotic therapy. Healthy participants were evaluated in, and out of, the exoskeleton....
Source: IEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering - December 1, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases
AbstractNeuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by the recruitment of circulating blood ‐borne innate and adaptive immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). These leukocytes sustain the detrimental response in the CNS by releasing pro‐inflammatory mediators that induce activation of local glial cells, blood‐brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neural cell death. However, infiltrating peripheral immune cells could also dampen CNS inflammation and support tissue repair. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism demonstrate the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the acti...
Source: Journal of Neurochemistry - September 2, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Marah C. Runtsch, Giovanni Ferrara, Stefano Angiari Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research

Melatonin improves memory defects in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by up-regulating cAMP-response element-binding protein and synapse-associated proteins in the prefrontal cortex.
Abstract Multiple sclerosis is a progressive autoimmune disorder of the myelin sheath and is the most common inflammatory disease of young adults. Up to 65% of multiple sclerosis patients have cognitive impairments such as memory loss and difficulty in understanding and maintaining attention and concentration. Many pharmacological interventions have been used to reverse motor impairments in multiple sclerosis patients; however, none of these drugs improve cognitive function. Melatonin can diffuse through the blood-brain barrier and has well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties with almost no side eff...
Source: Journal of Integrative Neuroscience - June 29, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Alghamdi BS, AboTaleb HA Tags: J Integr Neurosci Source Type: research

Choroid plexus and the blood –cerebrospinal fluid barrier in disease
AbstractThe choroid plexus (CP) forming the blood –cerebrospinal fluid (B-CSF) barrier is among the least studied structures of the central nervous system (CNS) despite its clinical importance. The CP is an epithelio-endothelial convolute comprising a highly vascularized stroma with fenestrated capillaries and a continuous lining of epithelial ce lls joined by apical tight junctions (TJs) that are crucial in forming the B-CSF barrier. Integrity of the CP is critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and B-CSF barrier permeability. Recent experimental and clinical research has uncovered the significance of the CP in the p...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - May 5, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Inhibitors of Myelination and Remyelination, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, are Upregulated in Human Neurological Disease.
Abstract During demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, myelin is destroyed and along with it, the oligodendrocytes that synthesize the myelin. Thus, recovery is limited due to both interruptions in neuronal transmission as well as lack of support for neurons. Although oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remain abundant in the central nervous system, they rarely mature and form new functional myelin in the diseased CNS. In cell culture and in experimental models of demyelinating disease, inhibitory signaling factors decrease myelination and remyelination. One of the most potent of these are the b...
Source: Neurochemical Research - February 5, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Grinspan JB Tags: Neurochem Res Source Type: research

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