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Leptin, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Abstract Leptin, an adipokine that is implicated in the control of food intake via appetite suppression, may also stimulate oxidative stress, inflammation, thrombosis, arterial stiffness, angiogenesis and atherogenesis. These leptin-induced effects may predispose to the development of cardiovascular diseases. In the present review we discuss the evidence linking leptin levels with the presence, severity and/or prognosis of both coronary artery disease and non-cardiac vascular diseases such as stroke, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) as well as with chroni...
Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica - June 7, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M Tags: Acta Pharmacol Sin Source Type: research

Response by Young et al to Letters Regarding Article, "Cardiac Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: Effects of Pioglitazone in Patients With Insulin Resistance Without Diabetes Mellitus".
PMID: 29038213 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Circulation - October 17, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Young LH, Viscoli CM, Inzucchi SE, Kernan WN Tags: Circulation Source Type: research

Letter by Jin-Shan and Xue-Bin Regarding Article, "Cardiac Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: Effects of Pioglitazone in Patients With Insulin Resistance Without Diabetes Mellitus".
PMID: 29038212 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Circulation - October 17, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Jin-Shan H, Xue-Bin L Tags: Circulation Source Type: research

Letter by Musso et al Regarding Article, "Cardiac Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: Effects of Pioglitazone in Patients With Insulin Resistance Without Diabetes Mellitus".
PMID: 29038211 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Circulation - October 17, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Musso G, Cassader M, Gambino R Tags: Circulation Source Type: research

Pioglitazone for Secondary Stroke Prevention Clinical Sciences
Conclusions—Pioglitazone reduces recurrent stroke and major vascular events in ischemic stroke patients with insulin resistance, prediabetes, and diabetes mellitus.
Source: Stroke - January 22, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Meng Lee, Jeffrey L. Saver, Hung-Wei Liao, Chun-Hsien Lin, Bruce Ovbiagele Tags: Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, Type 2, Secondary Prevention, Meta Analysis, Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke Original Contributions Source Type: research

Pioglitazone and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Conclusions Pioglitazone was associated with reduced risk of MACE in people with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus. However, the risks of heart failure, bone fracture, oedema and weight gain were increased.
Source: BMJ Open - January 4, 2017 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Liao, H.-W., Saver, J. L., Wu, Y.-L., Chen, T.-H., Lee, M., Ovbiagele, B. Tags: Open access, Cardiovascular medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Source Type: research

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and protection against stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
CONCLUSION: The promising data from experimental studies regarding cardioprotective gliptin-associated effects against stroke were not supported by available data from trials specifically looking at cardiovascular safety. PMID: 27916514 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Diabetes and Metabolism - November 30, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Barkas F, Elisaf M, Tsimihodimos V, Milionis H Tags: Diabetes Metab Source Type: research

Expensive New Diabetes Drugs Add Nothing But Cost And Complications
This is the fourth in an ongoing series of blogs exposing the rampant misuse of the medications so aggressively promoted by greedy drug companies. I am very lucky in having the perfect partner in this truth-vs-power effort to contradict Pharma propaganda with evidence based fact. Dick Bijl is President of the International Society of Drug Bulletins (ISDB), an impressive association of 53 national drug bulletins from all around the world, each of which publishes the best available data on the pluses and minuses of different medications. Drug bulletins help patients and doctors see through the misleading misinformation ge...
Source: Science - The Huffington Post - November 17, 2016 Category: Science Source Type: news

Pioglitazone in patients with insulin resistance after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: A comment on the IRIS trial
Pioglitazone, an antidiabetic drug, also exerts several cardiometabolic benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, vasoprotective and hypolipidemic effects. These pioglitazone-related benefits have been observed in different patient populations such as those with prediabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). With regard to cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, there is conflicting evidence.Recently, the Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke (IRIS) trial reported a significant pioglitazone-induced decrease in CV morbidity in patients with insulin ...
Source: Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications - September 17, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Niki Katsiki, Dimitri P Mikhailidis Source Type: research

EMPA-REG and Other Cardiovascular Outcome Trials of Glucose-lowering Agents: Implications for Future Treatment Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Abstract During the last decade, the armamentarium for glucose-lowering drugs has increased enormously by the development of DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors, allowing individualization of antidiabetic therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Some combinations can now be used without an increased risk for severe hypoglycemia and weight gain. Following a request of the US Food and Drug Administration, many large cardiovascular (CV) outcome studies have been performed in patients with longstanding disease and established CV disease. In the majority of CV outcome studies, CV ris...
Source: Clinical Therapeutics - May 18, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Schernthaner G, Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Schernthaner GH Tags: Clin Ther Source Type: research

Revitalization of Pioglitazone: The Optimal Agent to be Combined with an SGLT2 Inhibitor
ABSTRACT The recently completed EMPA‐REG study demonstrated that empagliflozin significantly decreased the MACE endpoint (cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, stroke) in high risk type 2 diabetic patients, primarily due to a reduction in cardiovascular death, without a significant decrease in either myocardial infarction or stroke. In PROactive, pioglitazone decreased the MACE endpoint by a similar degree to that in EMPA‐REG, due to a marked reduction in both recurrent myocardial infarction and stroke and a modest reduction in cardiovascular death. These observations suggest that pioglitazone might be an ideal agent to c...
Source: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism - February 25, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Ralph A. DeFronzo, Robert Chilton, Luke Norton, Geoffrey Clarke, Robert E.J. Ryder, Muhammad Abdul‐Ghani Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Effects of Pioglitazone for Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Newly Diagnosed Diabetes: The J-SPIRIT Study.
CONCLUSIONS: While this study was too underpowered to determine the effect of pioglitazone, the result failed to show beneficial effects in patients of ischemic stroke or TIA with impaired glucose tolerance and newly diagnosed diabetes. PMID: 26269002 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis - August 15, 2015 Category: Cardiology Tags: J Atheroscler Thromb Source Type: research

Observational follow‐up of the PROactive study: a 6‐year update†
ConclusionsThese data suggest that improved macrovascular outcomes seen with pioglitazone subside without continued pioglitazone treatment. The double‐blind period bladder cancer imbalance did not persist in follow‐up.
Source: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism - August 19, 2013 Category: Endocrinology Authors: E. Erdmann, E. Song, R. Spanheimer, A.‐R. van Troostenburg de Bruyn, A. Perez Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

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