Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

The Radiogenomics of Late-onset Alzheimer Disease
Radiogenomics, defined as the integrated analysis of radiologic imaging and genetic data, is a well-established tool shown to augment neuroimaging in the clinical diagnosis, prognostication, and scientific study of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). Early work using candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified genetic variation in APOE, BIN1, CLU, and CR1 as key modifiers of brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). More recently, polygenic risk scores used in conjunction with MRI and positron emission tomography have shown great promise as a risk-stratification tool for clinical...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Functional Connectivity in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia
Neurodegenerative disorders are a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Onset is typically insidious and clinical symptoms of behavioral change, memory loss, or cognitive dysfunction may not be evident early in the disease process. Efforts have been made to discover biomarkers that allow for earlier diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders, to initiate treatment that may slow the course of clinical deterioration. Neuronal dysfunction occurs earlier than clinical symptoms manifest. Thus, assessment of neuronal function using functional brain imaging has been examined as a potential biomarker. While most early ...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Overview of MR Imaging Volumetric Quantification in Neurocognitive Disorders
This review article provides a general overview on the various methodologies for quantifying brain structure on magnetic resonance images of the human brain. This overview is followed by examples of applications in Alzheimer dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Other examples will include traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative dementias. Finally, an overview of general principles for protocol acquisition of magnetic resonance imaging for volumetric quantification will be discussed along with the current choices of FDA cleared algorithms for use in clinical practice. (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Clinical Use of Integrated Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Dementia Patients
This report describes the practical benefits and challenges of using integrated FDG-PET-MRI to support the clinical diagnosis of various dementias. Over the past 7 years, we have performed integrated FDG-PET-MRI on>1500 patients with possible cognitive impairment or dementia. The FDG-PET and MRI protocols are the same as current conventions, but are obtained simultaneously over 25 minutes. An additional Dixon MRI sequence with superimposed bone atlas is used to calculate PET attenuation correction. A single radiologist interprets all imaging data and generates 1 report. The most common positive finding is concordant tempor...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Placental MRI: Developing Accurate Quantitative Measures of Oxygenation
The Human Placenta Project has focused attention on the need for noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based techniques to diagnose and monitor placental function throughout pregnancy. The hope is that the management of placenta-related pathologies would be improved if physicians had more direct, real-time measures of placental health to guide clinical decision making. As oxygen alters signal intensity on MRI and oxygen transport is a key function of the placenta, many of the MRI methods under development are focused on quantifying oxygen transport or oxygen content of the placenta. For example, measurements from bl...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Developmental Pathoconnectomics and Advanced Fetal MRI
Developmental pathoconnectomics is an emerging field that aims to unravel the events leading to and outcome from disrupted brain connectivity development. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology enables the portrayal of human brain connectivity before birth and has the potential to offer novel insights into normal and pathological human brain development. This review gives an overview of the currently used MRI techniques for connectomic imaging, with a particular focus on recent studies that have successfully translated these to the in utero or postmortem fetal setting. Possible mechanisms of how pathologies, ...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Challenges and Opportunities in Connectome Construction and Quantification in the Developing Human Fetal Brain
The white matter structure of the human brain undergoes critical developmental milestones in utero, which we can observe noninvasively using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. In order to understand this fascinating developmental process, we must establish the variability inherent in such a challenging imaging environment and how measurable quantities can be transformed into meaningful connectomes. We review techniques for reconstructing and studying the brain connectome and explore promising opportunities for in utero studies that could lead to more accurate measurement of structural properties and allow for m...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

In Utero Diffusion MRI: Challenges, Advances, and Applications
In utero diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides unique opportunities to noninvasively study the microstructure of tissue during fetal development. A wide range of developmental processes, such as the growth of white matter tracts in the brain, the maturation of placental villous trees, or the fibers in the fetal heart remain to be studied and understood in detail. Advances in fetal interventions and surgery furthermore increase the need for ever more precise antenatal diagnosis from fetal MRI. However, the specific properties of the in utero environment, such as fetal and maternal motion, increased field-of-vi...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Fetal Echoplanar Imaging: Promises and Challenges
Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been gaining increasing interest in both clinical radiology and research. Echoplanar imaging (EPI) offers a unique potential, as it can be used to acquire images very fast. It can be used to freeze motion, or to get multiple images with various contrast mechanisms that allow studying the microstructure and function of the fetal brain and body organs. In this article, we discuss the current clinical and research applications of fetal EPI. This includes T2*-weighted imaging to better identify blood products and vessels, using diffusion-weighted MRI to investigate connections of the ...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Fetal Cardiac MRI: A Review of Technical Advancements
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an appealing technology for fetal cardiovascular assessment. It can be used to visualize fetal cardiac and vascular anatomy, to quantify fetal blood flow, and to quantify fetal blood oxygen saturation and hematocrit. However, there are practical limitations to the use of conventional MRI for fetal cardiovascular assessment, including the small size and high heart rate of the human fetus, the lack of conventional cardiac gating methods to synchronize data acquisition, and the potential corruption of MRI data due to maternal respiration and unpredictable fetal movements. In this review, we...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Language Mapping With fMRI: Current Standards and Reproducibility
Clinical use of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a relatively new phenomenon, with only about 3 decades of collective experience. Nevertheless, task-based BOLD fMRI has been widely accepted for presurgical planning, over traditional methods, which are invasive and at times perilous. Many studies have demonstrated the ability of BOLD fMRI to make substantial clinical impact with respect to surgical planning and preoperative risk assessment, especially to localize the eloquent motor and visual areas. Reproducibility and repeatability of language fMRI are important in the ass...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Neuroanatomical Considerations in Preoperative Functional Brain Mapping
Task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for the presurgical assessment of eloquent cortex is increasingly relied upon by surgeons, neurologists, and radiologists. The utility of fMRI stems from the lack of correlation between topographic anatomy and functional anatomy. fMRI can noninvasively reveal the functional anatomy of a given individual thereby allowing the surgeon to choose the most appropriate surgical trajectory, attain the most complete resection, and offer the best chance of preserving function. This dissociation between function and topography is even more critical to understand when disease dis...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Fundamentals of Preoperative Task Functional Brain Mapping
Blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) imaging is gaining traction in the clinical realm as a measure for quantifying changes in regional blood flow in response to external stimuli. Through the evoked signal changes that are a consequence of hemoglobin's intrinsic paramagnetic properties, this technique allows for the statistical mapping of brain regions associated with a given task, which has broad applications in preneurosurgical planning for tumor resection. From an acquisition perspective, collection of BOLD data most commonly requires the use of echo planar imaging readout schemes. These sequences are currently wi...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Pediatric Presurgical Functional MRI
This article discusses some of these challenges and how they can be overcome in successful application of this technique in pediatric patients. (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

The State of Resting State Networks
Functional MRI (fMRI) is currently used for pre-surgical planning, but is often limited to information on the motor and language systems. Resting state fMRI can provide more information on multiple other networks to the neurosurgeon and neuroradiologist; however, currently, these networks are not well known among clinicians. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an introduction to these networks for the clinician and to discuss how they could be used in the future for precise and individualized surgical planning. We provide a short introduction to resting state fMRI and discuss multiple currently accepted resting st...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research