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Congenital Zika Syndrome: The Main Cause of Death and Correspondence Between Brain CT and Postmortem Histological Section Findings From the Same Individuals
In the present case series, the cause of death of infants diagnosed with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) was lung disease (pneumonia and sepsis with massive pulmonary aspiration), probably secondary to dysphagia and reflux. The main findings in infants with a confirmed diagnosis of CZS who died were as follows: (1) calcification and hypoplasia of the lentiform nuclei, hypoplasia of the caudate nuclei, and calcification at the cortical-subcortical junction was noted in all cases (100%) and calcification of the caudate nuclei was noted in 66.7% of cases; (2) calcification in the brainstem and along the lateral wall of the lat...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - February 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Ocular Manifestations and Visual Outcome in Children With Congenital Zika Syndrome
This article reviews the ocular manifestations of the CZS, addresses the visual outcomes of affected infants, and elucidates the early intervention protocols for visual improvement. (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - February 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Hearing Loss From Congenital Zika Virus Infection
No abstract available (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - February 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Postnatal Imaging Findings of Congenital Zika Syndrome: The Story of a Disease That is Still Being Written
The recommendations for laboratory diagnosis of ZIKV infection are the detection of viral-RNA by molecular methods, detection of ZIKV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by serologic tests and the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for confirmation of positive IgM results, in pregnant women. In the acute phase of disease ZIKV may be detected in blood (whole blood, serum, plasma), urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and other fluids; in urine, the virus may be detected over a longer period, viz., 15–20 days from the onset of symptoms. An accurate laboratory diagnosis requir...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - February 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Updated Imaging Findings in Congenital Zika Syndrome: A Disease Story That is Still Being Written
In congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS), the most frequent radiological findings are calcifications in the cortical–white matter junction and malformations of cortical development (pachygyria or polymicrogyria, which occur predominantly in the frontal lobes, or a simplified gyral pattern), ventriculomegaly, enlargement of the cisterna magna and the extra-axial subarachnoid space, corpus callosum abnormalities, and reduced brain volume. This syndrome can also result in a decrease in the brainstem and cerebellum volumes and delayed myelination. Infants with CZS may show venous thrombosis and lenticulostriate vasculopathies...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - February 1, 2019 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Ocular and Intracranial MR Imaging Findings in Abusive Head Trauma
Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a form of inflicted head injury. AHT is more frequent in 2-year-old or younger children. It is an important cause of neurological impairment and the major cause of death from head trauma in this age group. Brain magnetic resonance imaging allows the depiction of retinal hemorrhages, injured bridging veins, and identifying and localizing extra- and intra-axial bleeds, contusions, lacerations, and strokes. The diagnosis of AHT is a multidisciplinary team effort which includes a careful evaluation of social, clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings. Notwithstanding, the introduction in the ...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Childhood Medulloblastoma Revisited
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant solid tumor in childhood and the most common embryonal neuroepithelial tumor of the central nervous system. Several morphological variants are recognized: classic medulloblastoma, large cell/anaplastic medulloblastoma, desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma, and medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity. Recent advances in transcriptome and methylome profiling of these tumors led to a molecular classification that includes 4 major genetically defined groups. Accordingly, the 2016 revision of the World Health Organization's Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System rec...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Imaging Review of Common and Rare Causes of Stroke in Children
Vascular injury is increasingly recognized as an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children (29 days to 18 years of age). Since vascular brain injury in children appears to be less common than in adults, the index of suspicion for vascular brain injury is usually lower. In this review article, we describe frequent and rare conditions underlying pediatric stroke including cardioembolic, viral, autoimmune, post-traumatic, and genetic etiologies. Furthermore, we provide a neuroimaging correlate for clinical mimics of pediatric stroke. This review highlights the role of multimodal noninvasive neuroimaging in the ea...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

The Rare Neurocutaneous Disorders: Update on Clinical, Molecular, and Neuroimaging Features
Phakomatoses, also known as neurocutaneous disorders, comprise a vast number of entities that predominantly affect structures originated from the ectoderm such as the central nervous system and the skin, but also the mesoderm, particularly the vascular system. Extensive literature exists about the most common phakomatoses, namely neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau and Sturge-Weber syndrome. However, recent developments in the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of less common phakomatoses have sparked interest in these disorders. In this article, we review the clinical features, current patho...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Imaging of Childhood Inflammatory Brain Diseases
Brain has been considered as an immune-privileged site for centuries owing to the presence of blood-brain barrier, absent lymphatic drainage, and antigen-presenting cells. However, the present prevailing concept is of immune surveillance where brain is continuously surveyed by immune cells. However, the presence of immune cells in central nervous system (CNS) brings the risk of inflammation and autoimmunity involving both T and B cell mediated pathways. These mechanisms form the underlying pathology in a wide spectrum of pediatric CNS diseases manifesting as acquired neurological deficits. Overlapping, heterogenous, and am...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Tubulinopathies
Mutations causing dysfunction of the tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins, otherwise known as tubulinopathies, are a group of recently described entities, that lead to complex brain malformations. An understanding of the fundamental principles of operation of the cytoskeleton and compounds in particular microtubules, actin, and microtubule-associated proteins, can assist in the interpretation of the imaging findings of tubulinopathies. Somewhat consistent morphological imaging patterns have been described in tubulinopathies such as dysmorphic basal ganglia—the hallmark (found in 75% of cases), callosal dysgenesis...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Synthetic Brain MRI: Review of Current Concepts and Future Directions
Synthetic magnetic resonance imaging is a novel imaging technique that allows generating multiple contrast-weighted images based on relaxivity measurements of tissue properties in a single acquisition using a multiecho, multidelay saturation recovery spin-echo sequence. The synthetic images can be generated postacquisition from the parametric tissue maps, which can be beneficial to reduce scan time and improve patient throughput. Based on relaxometry maps, synthetic magnetic resonance imaging can also perform brain tissue segmentation and myelin quantification without additional scan time. The quantitative analysis may hav...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - December 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Cerebellar Ataxia in Children: A Clinical and MRI Approach to the Differential Diagnosis
No abstract available (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Erratum Source Type: research

Advances and Future Direction of Magnetic Resonance Elastography
The mechanical properties of soft tissues are closely associated with a variety of diseases. This motivates the development of elastography techniques in which tissue mechanical properties are quantitatively estimated through imaging. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a noninvasive phase-contrast MR technique wherein shear modulus of soft tissue can be spatially and temporally estimated. MRE has recently received significant attention due to its capability in noninvasively estimating tissue mechanical properties, which can offer considerable diagnostic potential. In this work, recent technology advances of MRE, its ...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Quantifying Tumor Stiffness With Magnetic Resonance Elastography: The Role of Mechanical Properties for Detection, Characterization, and Treatment Stratification in Oncology
The viscoelastic properties of tissue are significantly altered with the development of tumors and these alterations can be assessed with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). Accurate detection and characterization of malignant and benign lesions can be obtained by quantifying tumor stiffness, improving the specificity and diagnostic accuracy of conventional magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, MRE can be used to stratify patients for treatment based on risk of normal tissue toxicity and surgical considerations including consistency and adherence of the tumor to surrounding structures. MRE is a reliable reproducible ...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2018 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research