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Metabolic Imaging in Humans
This article reviews and discusses literature reports of metabolic imaging in humans published since 2010 according to disease type, including cancer, degenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders, and others, as well as the current application of the various related techniques. (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Cancer Theranostic Imaging
Abstract: With its exquisite anatomical resolution and wide-ranging functional imaging capabilities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has found multiple applications in detection, staging, and monitoring treatment response in cancer. The metabolic information provided by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is being actively investigated to complement MRI parameters, as well as existing biomarkers, in cancer detection and in monitoring response to treatment. Located at the interface of detection and therapy, theranostic imaging is a rapidly expanding new field that is showing significant promise for precision medicine of ...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Click Chemistry in the Development of Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract: Click chemistry provides fast, convenient, versatile, and reliable chemical reactions that take place between pairs of functional groups of small molecules that can be purified without chromatographic methods. Due to the fast kinetics and low or no elimination of byproducts, click chemistry is a promising approach that is rapidly gaining acceptance in drug discovery, radiochemistry, bioconjugation, and nanoscience applications. Increasing use of click chemistry in synthetic procedures or as a bioconjugation technique in diagnostic imaging is occurring because click reactions are fast, provide a quantitative yield...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Cellular and Molecular Imaging Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer
Abstract: Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a powerful new tool well suited for molecular imaging. This technology enables the detection of low concentration probes through selective labeling of rapidly exchanging protons or other spins on the probes. In this review, we will highlight the unique features of CEST imaging technology and describe the different types of CEST agents that are suited for molecular imaging studies, including CEST theranostic agents, CEST reporter genes, and CEST environmental sensors. (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

MR Molecular Imaging of Brain Cancer Metabolism Using Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Abstract: Metabolic reprogramming is an important hallmark of cancer. Alterations in many metabolic pathways support the requirement for cellular building blocks that are essential for cancer cell proliferation. This metabolic reprogramming can be imaged using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). 1H MRS can inform on alterations in the steady-state levels of cellular metabolites, but the emergence of hyperpolarized 13C MRS has now also enabled imaging of metabolic fluxes in real-time, providing a new method for tumor detection and monitoring of therapeutic response. In the case of glioma, preclinical cell and animal stud...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Cellular Imaging With MRI
Abstract: Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an evolving field of imaging with strong translational and research potential. The ability to detect, track, and quantify cells in vivo and over time allows for studying cellular events related to disease processes and may be used as a biomarker for decisions about treatments and for monitoring responses to treatments. In this review, we discuss methods for labeling cells, various applications for cellular MRI, the existing limitations, strategies to address these shortcomings, and clinical cellular MRI. (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - October 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Alternatives to GBCA: Are We There Yet?
This article reviews gadolinium alternatives, iron-, and manganese- based agents, and their current clinical usage for contrast-enhanced MRI examinations. (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Adverse Effects of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: Changes in Practice Patterns
Abstract: Gadolinium-based contrast agents have been used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations since the late 1980s with an excellent overall cumulative safety record. Initially favored for use in patients with renal impairment because of lack of significant nephrotoxic effect at clinical doses, in 2006, multiple reports convincingly linked the rare but serious disease nephrogenic systemic fibrosis to the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents in patients with severe renal failure. This in turn led to new policies on administration of these agents, resulting in changes in practice patterns that hav...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

MRI Contrast Agents: Evolution of Clinical Practice and Dose Optimization
Abstract: Accurate detection of lesions throughout the body is of paramount importance in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Optimal contrast agent performance is therefore of great importance and given the number of MRI contrast agent options today, this topic is of much ongoing study. The goal of this review article is to bring the read up to date on pertinent articles that relate to the evolution of radiological clinical practice and dose optimization pertaining to gadolinium contrast agents. (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Role of Contrast in MR Imaging
Abstract: Magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents have been widely used over the last 3 decades in routine clinical practice. Paul Lauterbur recognized the presence of these contrast agents, which act as paramagnetic catalysts that accelerate the T1 relaxation process. The first MR contrast agent to be approved for clinical use was in 1988, and since then, it is estimated that 200 million doses have been administered worldwide. These contrast agents have diverse clinical as well as research applications, involving almost all the body organs. This review will cover some existing as well as many new applications that have em...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

MRI Contrast Agents: Update on Clinical Trial Data and Impact on Current Practice
No abstract available (Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - August 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Guest Editorial Source Type: research

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Recurrent Prostate Cancer
Abstract: There is growing consensus that multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is an effective modality in the detection of locally recurrent prostate cancer after prostatectomy and radiation therapy. The emergence of magnetic resonance (MR)-guided focal therapies, such as cryoablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound, and laser ablation, have made the use of mpMRI even more important, as the normal anatomy is inevitably altered and the detection of recurrence is made more difficult. The aim of this article is to review the utility of mpMRI in detecting recurrent prostate cancer in patients following radica...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - June 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Role of MRI in the Risk Assessment of Primary Prostate Cancer
Abstract: A successful paradigm shift toward personalized management strategies for patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is heavily dependent on the availability of noninvasive diagnostic tools capable of accurately establishing the true extent of disease at the time of diagnosis and estimating the risk of subsequent disease progression and related mortality. Although there is still considerable scope for improvement in its diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic capabilities, multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently regarded as the imaging modality of choice for local staging of PCa. A negative...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - June 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

MR-TRUS Fusion Biopsy
Abstract: The leading application of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate is for lesion detection with the intention of tissue sampling (biopsy). Although direct in-bore magnetic resonance (MR)-guided biopsy allows for confirmation of the biopsy site, this can be expensive, time-consuming, and most importantly limited in availability. MR-transrectal ultrasound (MR-TRUS) image fusion targeted biopsy (TBx) allows for lesions identified on MRI to be targeted with the ease, efficiency, and availability of ultrasound. The learning objectives are optimized mpMRI protocol and reporting for image fus...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - June 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

In-Bore MR-Guided Biopsy Systems and Utility of PI-RADS
Abstract: A diagnostic dilemma exists in cases wherein a patient with clinical suspicion for prostate cancer has a negative transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy session. Although transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy is the standard of care, a paradigm shift is being observed. In biopsy-naive patients and patients with at least 1 negative biopsy session, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is being utilized for tumor detection and subsequent targeting. Several commercial devices are now available for targeted prostate biopsy ranging from transrectal ultrasound-MR fusion biopsy to in bore MR-guided biopsy. In th...
Source: Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging - June 1, 2016 Category: Radiology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research