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Imaging the Postoperative Elbow
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 628-636 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731333Evaluation of postoperative images of any joint can be a daunting task, and the elbow is no exception. Patients may be imaged with a complication of the repair, or the postoperative changes may be incidentally observed as the patient is imaged for other reasons. We divide the postoperative elbow into soft tissue procedures (covering ligament and tendon repairs, as well as compartmental release and nerve transposition), joint-related procedures (osteochondral lesion treatment, ostectomy, and joint replacement), and bone procedures (fracture fixation). W...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Deely, Diane M. Morrison, William B. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

MRI Evaluation of Various Elbow, Forearm, and Wrist Neuropathies: A Pictorial Review
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 617-627 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729961Upper extremity entrapment neuropathies are common and can cause pain, sensory loss, and muscle weakness leading to functional disability. We conducted a retrospective review from January 2007 until March 2020 of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of intrinsic and extrinsic causes of wrist, forearm, and elbow neuropathies of 637 patients who received a diagnosis of neuropathy by means of clinical and electrodiagnostic testing. We discuss cases with varying intrinsic and extrinsic nerve pathologies, including postoperative examples, affecting...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Husain, Rola Reddy, Arthi Dayan, Etan Huang, Mingqian Corcuera-Solano, Idoia Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Neoplastic Elbow Diseases and Mimickers
This article reviews the most common benign and malignant bone and soft tissue tumors around the elbow, mimickers, imaging features, and current therapeutic concepts. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents  |  Abstract  |  Full text (Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology)
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Kaur, Simranjeet Lalam, Radhesh Cassar-Pullicino, Victor Tyrrell, Prudencia Singh, Jaspreet Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Imaging Evaluation of Medial and Lateral Elbow Pain: Acute and Chronic Tendon Injuries of the Humeral Epicondyles
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 589-599 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731790Medial and lateral elbow pain are often due to degenerative tendinosis and less commonly due to trauma. The involved structures include the flexor-pronator tendon origin in medial-sided pain and the extensor tendon origin in lateral-sided pain. Multimodality imaging is often obtained to verify the clinically suspected diagnosis, evaluate the extent of injury, and guide treatment decisions. Image-guided procedures can provide symptom relief to support physical therapy and also induce tendon healing. Surgical debridement and repair are typically performe...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Daniels, Steven P. De Tolla, Jadie E. Azad, Ali Fritz, Jan Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Acute Ligament Injuries of the Elbow
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 580-588 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729959Ulnar collateral, radial collateral, lateral ulnar collateral, and annular ligaments can be injured in an acute trauma, such as valgus stress in athletes and elbow dislocation. Recognizing normal anatomy in magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography studies is important to identify ligamentous abnormalities in these imaging modalities. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents  |  Abstract  |  Full text (Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology)
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Edelmuth, Diogo Guilherme Le ão Helito, Paulo Victor Partezani Correa, Marcos Felippe de Paula Bordalo-Rodrigues, Marcelo Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Elbow Instability
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 574-579 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735467The stability of the elbow is based on a combination of primary (static) and secondary stabilizers (dynamic). In varus stress, the bony structures and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) are the primary stabilizers, and in valgus stress, the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is the primary stabilizer. The flexor and extensor tendons crossing the elbow joint act as secondary stabilizers. Elbow instability is commonly divided into acute traumatic and chronic instability. Instability of the elbow is a continuum, with complete dislocation as its mos...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Graf, Dimitri N. Benjamin, Fritz Bouaicha, Samy Sutter, Reto Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Biceps, Brachialis, and Triceps
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 566-573 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735466Tendon injuries at the elbow affect mostly the distal biceps and can progressively degenerate over time or rupture in an acute event. The degree of retraction may depend on the integrity of the lacertus fibrosus, a fibrous expansion that merges with the forearm flexor fascia. Biceps disorders are frequently associated with fluid or synovitis of the adjacent bicipital bursa; primary bursal disorders (primary inflammatory synovitis) can also be observed. Distal triceps is less frequently injured than the distal biceps, and tears usually manifest as dista...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Willaume, Thibault Bierry, Guillaume Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Pediatric Imaging of the Elbow: A Pictorial Review
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 558-565 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735468The elbow is a complex joint, subject to a wide range of traumatic, inflammatory, metabolic and neoplastic insults. The pediatric elbow has several diagnostic pitfalls due to the normal developmental changes in children. Knowledge of these normal variants is essential for both diagnosis and management of their elbow injuries. Radiography remains the first imaging modality of choice. Magnetic resonance imaging is excellent in evaluating lesions within the bone and soft tissues. In this pictorial essay, we provide insights into pediatric elbow imaging, s...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Vanmarsnille, Tim Laloo, Frederiek Herregods, Nele Jaremko, Jacob L. Verstraete, Koenraad L. Jans, Lennart Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Elbow Imaging: Variants and Asymptomatic Findings
This article provides a comprehensive overview of normal structures and anatomical variants occurring around the elbow including potential diagnostic pitfalls. We discuss frequently observed anatomical variants found in routine clinical practice associated with osseous, ligamentous, musculotendinous, and neurovascular structures at the elbow that may simulate pathology or predispose to symptoms under specific circumstances. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents  |  Abstract  |  Full text (Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology)
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Antil, Neha Stevens, Kathryn J. Lutz, Amelie M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

MRI of the Elbow: How to Do It
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 538-545 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729884The diagnostic cascade for elbow complaints starts with the physical examination and radiographs that already can clarify or rule out many causes. Depending on the suspected pathology, additional imaging is necessary. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the advantage of accurately demonstrating a broad spectrum of diseases. The main indication for noncontrast MRI of the elbow is chronic epicondylitis. For magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography, it is suspected chondral and osteochondral abnormalities. Indirect MR arthrography is an option when direct ar...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Pazahr, Shila Sutter, Reto Zubler, Veronika Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Radiographic Evaluation of Elbow Fractures
This article reviews basic elbow anatomy, frequently seen fractures and injury patterns, and highlights how these findings influence surgical planning and patient management. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents  |  Abstract  |  Full text (Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology)
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Alidina, Sameer Alidina, Jasim Souza, Felipe Kalandiak, Steven Subhawong, Ty K. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Elbow Imaging
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 527-528 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735212 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents  |  Full text (Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology)
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - October 27, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Sutter, Reto Tags: Preface Source Type: research

3D MRI of the Ankle: A Concise State-of-the-Art Review
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 514-526 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731332Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful imaging modality for visualizing a wide range of ankle disorders that affect ligaments, tendons, and articular cartilage. Standard two-dimensional (2D) fast spin-echo (FSE) and turbo spin-echo (TSE) pulse sequences offer high signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios, but slice thickness limitations create partial volume effects. Modern three-dimensional (3D) FSE/TSE pulse sequences with isotropic voxel dimensions can achieve higher spatial resolution and similar contrast resolutions in ≤ 5 minutes ...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - September 21, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Fritz, Benjamin Fritz, Jan Sutter, Reto Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

3D MRI of the Hand and Wrist: Technical Considerations and Clinical Applications
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 501-513 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731652In the last few years, major developments have been observed in the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Advances in both scanner hardware and software technologies have witnessed great leaps, enhancing the diagnostic quality and, therefore, the value of MRI. In musculoskeletal radiology, three-dimensional (3D) MRI has become an integral component of the diagnostic pathway at our institutions. This technique is particularly relevant in patients with hand and wrist symptoms, due to the intricate nature of the anatomical structures and the wide ran...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - September 21, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Dalili, Danoob Fritz, Jan Isaac, Amanda Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

3D MRI of the Hip Joint: Technical Considerations, Advantages, Applications, and Current Perspectives
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25: 488-500 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730910Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common choice among various imaging modalities for the evaluation of hip conditions. Conventional MRI with two-dimensional acquisitions requires a significant amount of time and is limited by partial-volume artifacts and suboptimal fluid-to-cartilage contrast. Recent hardware and software advances have resulted in development of novel isotropic three-dimensional (3D) single-acquisition protocols that cover the volume of the entire hip and can be reconstructed in arbitrary planes for submillimeter assessment of bony...
Source: Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology - September 21, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Ashikyan, Oganes Wells, Joel Chhabra, Avneesh Tags: Review Article Source Type: research