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The Relative Incident Rate Ratio Effect Size for Count-Based Impact Evaluations: When an Odds Ratio is Not an Odds Ratio
AbstractArea-based prevention studies often produce results that can be represented in a 2-by-2 table of counts. For example, a table may show the crime counts during a 12-month period prior to the intervention compared to a 12-month period during the intervention for a treatment and control area or areas. Studies of this type have used either Cohen ’sd or the odds ratio as an effect size index. The former is unsuitable and the latter is a misnomer when used on data of this type. Based on the quasi-Poisson regression model, an incident rate ratio and relative incident rate ratio effect size and associated overdispersion ...
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - February 11, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

How and Why is Crime More Concentrated in Some Neighborhoods than Others?: A New Dimension to Community Crime
ConclusionsThe extent to which crime concentrates represents an underexamined aspect of how crime manifests in each community. It is driven in part by the diversity of places in the neighborhood, but also can be influenced by neighborhood-level processes. Future work should continue to probe the sources and consequences of these variations. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - February 8, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Chains of Adversity: The Time-Varying Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Adolescent Behavior
ConclusionsThis research builds on our criminological understanding of how strains, such as paternal incarceration, can facilitate inequalities in adolescent behavior by considering dynamic selection into paternal incarceration, the time-varying repercussions of paternal incarceration, and the mechanisms linking paternal incarceration to adolescent behavior. Early life course paternal incarceration facilitates chains of adversity that accumulate throughout early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - February 5, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Assessing Data Completeness, Quality, and Representativeness of Justifiable Homicides in the FBI ’s Supplementary Homicide Reports: A Research Note
ConclusionsWe conclude that the SHR data is of dubious value for assessing correlates of police homicides in the United States, as all analyses using it will reflect these widespread biases and significant undercounts. Analysis of SHR data for these purposes should cease. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - February 4, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Offending Frequency and Responses to Illegal Monetary Incentives
ConclusionsIn the months that offenders have an average bigger pay-off per crime, they offended less frequently. We conjecture that this negative relationship could be explained by two mechanisms: an income effect and/or through reference dependence. However, we are not able to disentangle between the two mechanisms. Moreover, we note that criminal efficiency is likely endogenous and should be treated as such in future scholarship. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - February 2, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Who ‘Tweets’ Where and When, and How Does it Help Understand Crime Rates at Places? Measuring the Presence of Tourists and Commuters in Ambient Populations
ConclusionsConsistent with routine activities and crime pattern theories, the influx of outsiders in a given location impacts the likelihood of crime occurring there. While we find that data from Twitter users can be valuable for measuring block-level ambient populations, it appears this is not true for residential blocks. Future research may further consider how the characteristics of Twitter users may inform spatial patterns in crime. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - January 28, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Reducing Crime Through Environmental Design: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Street Lighting in New York City
ConclusionResults suggests that street lighting, when deployed tactically, may be a means through which policymakers can control crime without widening the net of the criminal justice system. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - January 11, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Capturing Crime at the Micro-place: A Spatial Approach to Inform Buffer Size
ConclusionsAt the very least, demolition programs may help temporarily reduce burglaries in areas immediately around demolition sites. However, additional crime reductions gains may be possible if demolition efforts are coupled with complementary crime prevention approaches that focus on the restoration of vacant land. We hope future micro-place evaluation research will use and expand upon our buffer size selection protocol to help improve how places are understood and captured. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - January 7, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Living Near Violence and Feeling Safe: What is the Role of Active Guardianship in the Home Territory?
ConclusionsWhile this study cannot ascertain temporal ordering, the findings suggest people who feel safer are more likely to engage in active guardianship, rather than active guardianship leading to reduced vulnerability. On a promising note, the direct association between active guardianship and feeling safer suggests that empowering residents via grass-roots crime prevention strategies has the potential to benefit communities by both addressing crime and improving perceived safety. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - January 2, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Both Sides of the Street: Introducing Measures of Physical and Social Boundaries Based on Differences Across Sides of the Street, and Consequences for Crime
ConclusionsOur results indicate that although much empirical research focuses solely on physical boundaries, our measures of social and physical boundaries have important consequences for the spatial location of crime, and therefore are worthy of further research. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - January 1, 2021 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

The Influence of Temporal Specification on the Identification of Crime Hot Spots for Program Evaluations: A Test of Longitudinal Stability in Crime Patterns
ConclusionsProgram evaluations of hot spots policing strategies do not need to use extended periods of time to observe stability in crime hot spots. The criminology of place should provide more attention to the topic of temporal specification and continue exploring the utility of crime hot spots. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - November 27, 2020 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Juvenile Arrest and Later Economic Attainment: Strength and Mechanisms of the Relationship
ConclusionsThe fact that juvenile arrest predicted early adult economic attainment net of 43 matching covariates provides strong evidence that these effects are not merely artifacts of selection. The additional finding that education, employment, and income explain much of the juvenile arrest effect highlights several potential areas of intervention for protecting young arrestees ’ later net worth. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - November 25, 2020 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Does Hot Spots Policing Have Meaningful Impacts on Crime? Findings from An Alternative Approach to Estimating Effect Sizes from Place-Based Program Evaluations
ConclusionCohen ’sd provides misleading results when used to calculate mean effect size in place based studies both in terms of the relative ranking of the magnitude of study outcomes, and in the interpretation of average impacts of interventions. Our analyses suggest a much more meaningful impact of hot spots policing on crime than previous reviews. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - November 4, 2020 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Are Repeatedly Extorted Businesses Different? A Multilevel Hurdle Model of Extortion Victimization
ConclusionsThe inconsistent associations of predictors across the hurdle components suggest that extortion prevalence and concentration are fueled by two distinct processes, an interpretation congruent with theoretical expectations regarding extortion that considers that repeats are likely fueled by a process of event dependence. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - October 9, 2020 Category: Criminology Source Type: research

Measuring Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force: Methods Matter
ConclusionsGiven increased scrutiny of police activity by advocates and policymakers, it is important to understand how measurement and other analytic choices affect our understanding of equity in police practices. Our findings demonstrate that analytical decisions interact in complex ways and that standardization is essential when comparing multiple departments. We recommend comprehensive data collection that includes nonlethal as well as lethal force, and make recommendations for measuring and contextualizing racial disparities in UOF and other police activity. (Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology)
Source: Journal of Quantitative Criminology - October 2, 2020 Category: Criminology Source Type: research