Water supply dynamics and quality of alternative water sources in low-income areas of Lilongwe City, Malawi

This study explored supply dynamics and quality of alternative water sources in four LIAs of Lilongwe City in Malawi using qualitative and quantitative methods. Household-level surveys (n=120) and transect walks were employed to determine the socio-economic activities in the areas. One-on-one discussions were made with water source owners (SSIPs) (n=24). Data on policy and institutional frameworks was collected through desktop study and Key Informant Interviews (n=25). Quality of the water sources (shallow wells and boreholes) was determined by collecting grab samples (n=24) in triplicate using 500 mL bottles. Selected physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were measured: pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, water temperature, salinity, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl-, F-, NO3 -, alkalinity, water hardness, Feacal coliform (FC) and Faecal Streptococci (FS) bacteria. Water quality data was compared with Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. Shallow wells were reported (65%, n=120) to be the main source of water for household use in all areas. Some policies like prohibition of boreholes and shallow wells in City locations were in conflict with other provisions of water supply, sanitation and housing. High levels of FC (0-2100 cfu/100 mL) and FS (0-1490 cfu/100 mL) at several sites (>90%, n=24) suggest water contamination likely to impact on human health. This calls for upgrading and recognition of the water sources for improve...
Source: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts ABC - Category: Science Source Type: research