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Source: Molecular Neurobiology
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Total 278 results found since Jan 2013.
Mitochondrial Quality Control and Disease: Insights into Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
AbstractMitochondria are key regulators of cell fate during disease. They control cell survival via the production of ATP that fuels cellular processes and, conversely, cell death via the induction of apoptosis through release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome C. Therefore, it is essential to have stringent quality control mechanisms to ensure a healthy mitochondrial network. Quality control mechanisms are largely regulated by mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. The processes of mitochondrial fission (division) and fusion allow for damaged mitochondria to be segregated and facilitate the equilibration of mitoch...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - April 11, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
bFGF Protects Against Oxygen Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Endothelial Monolayer Permeability via S1PR1-Dependent Mechanisms
In this study, we further investigated the mechanisms of recombinant bFGF in BBB protection by measuring the permeability of cultured endothelial cell monolayer induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). We found that recombinant bFGF significantly decreased OGD/R-induced permeability of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) monolayer and preserved OGD/R-induced decreases of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Western blot and immunocytochemistry showed that bFGF significantly rescued OGD/R-induced downregulation of junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and VE-cadherin. We...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 2, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chondroitin Sulfate Impairs Neural Stem Cell Migration Through ROCK Activation
AbstractBrain injuries such as trauma and stroke lead to glial scar formation by reactive astrocytes which produce and secret axonal outgrowth inhibitors. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) constitute a well-known class of extracellular matrix molecules produced at the glial scar and cause growth cone collapse. The CSPG glycosaminoglycan side chains composed of chondroitin sulfate (CS) are responsible for its inhibitory activity on neurite outgrowth and are dependent on RhoA activation. Here, we hypothesize that CSPG also impairs neural stem cell migration inhibiting their penetration into an injury site. We show tha...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 5, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Erythropoietin Rescues Memory Impairment in a Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion via the EPO-R/JAK2/STAT5/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 β Pathway
AbstractVascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia in older people and is characterized by the sudden onset of impairments in thinking skills and behavior, which generally occur following a stroke. Unfortunately, effective therapy for vascular dementia remains inadequate. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. Recently, a prominent role for EPO has been defined in the nervous system, and there is growing interest in the potential therapeutic use of EPO for neuroprotection. However, whether it is protective from memory impairments and the...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 9, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Tale of the Good and the Bad Cdk5: Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton in the Brain
AbstractCdk5 kinase, a cyclin-dependent kinase family member, is a key regulator of cytoskeletal remodeling in the brain. Cdk5 is essential for brain development during embryogenesis. After birth, it is essential for numerous neuronal processes such as learning and memory formation, drug addiction, pain signaling, and long-term behavior changes, all of which rely on rapid alterations in the cytoskeleton. Cdk5 activity is deregulated in various brain disorders including Alzheimer ’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and ischemic stroke, resulting in profound remodeling of the neuronal cytoskel...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 13, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Erratum to: Neuroprotection by Chlorpromazine and Promethazine in Severe Transient and Permanent Ischemic Stroke
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - November 14, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Age-Related Upregulation of Carboxyl Terminal Modulator Protein Contributes to the Decreased Brain Ischemic Tolerance in Older Rats
AbstractStroke remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The underlying neuropathology for stroke is ischemic brain injury. Carboxyl terminal modulator protein (CTMP), an endogenous inhibitor of the prosurvival Akt, may increase brain ischemic injury in young animals. Aging decreases brain ischemic tolerance. We hypothesize that CTMP is increased with aging and that this increase contributes to the decreased brain ischemic tolerance. To address these hypotheses, we determined the expression of CTMP and its downstream proteins in the brain of various ages of rats (Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats). The role o...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - December 18, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review
This article reviews the state-of-the-art preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of brain PBM therapy.
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 11, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Apoptosis Following Cortical Spreading Depression in Juvenile Rats
AbstractRepetitive cortical spreading depression (CSD) can lead to cell death in immature brain tissue. Caspases are involved in neuronal cell death in several CSD-related neurological disorders, such as stroke and epilepsy. Yet, whether repetitive CSD itself can induce caspase activation in adult or juvenile tissue remains unknown. Inducing repetitive CSD in somatosensory cortices of juvenile and adult rats in vivo, we thus aimed to investigate the effect of repetitive CSD on the expression caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-12 in different brain regions using immunohistochemistry and western blotting techniques...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - April 4, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
JM-20 Treatment After MCAO Reduced Astrocyte Reactivity and Neuronal Death on Peri-infarct Regions of the Rat Brain
In this study, we look into plausible molecular and cellular targets for JM-20, a new hybrid molecule, against ischemic stroke in vivo. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) following 23 h of reperfusion. Animals treated with 8 mg/kg JM-20 (p.o., 1 h after reperfusion) showed minimal neurological impairment and lower GABA and IL-1β levels in CSF when compared to damaged rats that received vehicle. Immunocontent of pro-su rvival, phosphorylated Akt protein decreased in the cortex after 24 h as result of the ischemic insult, accompanied by decreased number of NeuN+ cells in ...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 3, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Angiotensin Receptor Blockade by Inhibiting Glial Activation Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis Via Activation of Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling in Hypertension
AbstractHypertension is one of the major risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) disorders like stroke and Alzheimer ’s disease (AD). On the other hand, CNS diseases like AD have been associated with gliosis and impaired neurogenesis. Further, renin angiotensin system (RAS) is intricately associated with hypertension; however, the accumulating evidences suggest that over-activity of RAS may perpetuate the brain inflammation related with AD. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of hypertension and RAS on glial (astrocytes and microglia) activation and hippocampal neurogenesis in a rat model of chr...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 11, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Deep Sequencing Reveals Uncharted Isoform Heterogeneity of the Protein-Coding Transcriptome in Cerebral Ischemia
AbstractGene expression in cerebral ischemia has been a subject of intense investigations for several years. Studies utilizing probe-based high-throughput methodologies such as microarrays have contributed significantly to our existing knowledge but lacked the capacity to dissect the transcriptome in detail. Genome-wide RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) enables comprehensive examinations of transcriptomes for attributes such as strandedness, alternative splicing, alternative transcription start/stop sites, and sequence composition, thus providing a very detailed account of gene expression. Leveraging this capability, we conducted a...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - June 3, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Possible Involvement of PI3-K/Akt-Dependent GSK-3 β Signaling in Proliferation of Neural Progenitor Cells After Hypoxic Exposure
AbstractWe previously demonstrated that proliferation of endogenous neural progenitor cells is enhanced by cerebral ischemia and that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt-dependent glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 β signaling is involved in ischemia-induced neurogenesis. It is important to learn more about the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells under ischemic conditions, as such knowledge that may serve as the basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches for stroke. However, it remains to be addressed whether a change in that signaling pathway is induced in neural pr...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - July 6, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Exercise Rehabilitation Attenuates Cognitive Deficits in Rats with Traumatic Brain Injury by Stimulating the Cerebral HSP20/BDNF/TrkB Signalling Axis
In this study, we used fluid percussion injury in rats to simulate mild TBI. For rats, we used both passive avoidance learning and the Y-maze tests to evaluate cognitive function. We investigated whether PE rehabilitation attenuated cognitive deficits in rats with TBI and determined the contribution of hippocampal and cortical expression of heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) to PE-mediated cognitive recovery. In addition to increasing hippocampal and cortical expression of HSP20, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) ratio, PE rehabilitation significantly attenuated brain contusi...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - October 5, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Folic Acid Exerts Post-Ischemic Neuroprotection In Vitro Through HIF-1 α Stabilization
AbstractThe constant failure of single-target drug therapies for ischemic stroke necessitates the development of novel pleiotropic pharmacological treatment approaches, to effectively combat the aftermath of this devastating disorder. The major objective of our study involves a multi-target drug repurposing strategy to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) via a structure-based screening approach to simultaneously inhibit its regulatory proteins, PHD2, FIH, and pVHL. Out of 1424 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that were screened, folic acid (FA) emerged as the top hit and its binding potential...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - October 5, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
