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Transgenic animal models to explore and modulate the blood brain and blood retinal barriers of the CNS
AbstractThe unique environment of the brain and retina is tightly regulated by blood –brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier, respectively, to ensure proper neuronal function. Endothelial cells within these tissues possess distinct properties that allow for controlled passage of solutes and fluids. Pericytes, glia cells and neurons signal to endothelial cells (ECs) to form an d maintain the barriers and control blood flow, helping to create the neurovascular unit. This barrier is lost in a wide range of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and retina such as brain tumors, stroke, dementia, and in the ...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - November 1, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Non-coding RNAs in the regulation of blood –brain barrier functions in central nervous system disorders
AbstractThe blood –brain barrier (BBB) is an essential component of the neurovascular unit that controls the exchanges of various biological substances between the blood and the brain. BBB damage is a common feature of different central nervous systems (CNS) disorders and plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of t he diseases. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are important regulatory RNA molecules that are involved in almost all cellular processes in normal development and various diseases, including CNS diseases. Cumulative evi dences hav...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - March 26, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

A Copernican Approach to Brain Advancement: The Paradigm of Allostatic Orchestration
The objective of this presentation is to explore historical, scientific, interventional, and other differences between the two paradigms, so that innovators, researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, patients, end-users, and others can gain clarity with respect to both the explicit and implicit assumptions associated with brain advancement agendas of any kind. Over the course of three decades, a series of brain-centric, evolution-inspired insights have been articulated with increasing refinement, as principles of allostasis (Sterling and Eyer, 1988; Sterling, 2004, 2012, 2014). Allostasis recognizes that the role of the ...
Source: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience - April 25, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Effects of Craniopharyngioma Cyst Fluid on Neurons and Glial Cells cultured from rat brain hypothalamus
In this study, we have collected CP cyst fluid (CCF) from mostly young patients during surgical removal and exposed it 9-10 days in vitro to the primary cultures derived from rat brain hypothalamus for 48 hours. A gradual decline in cell viability was noted with increasing concentration of CCF. Moreover, a distinct degenerative morphological transformation was observed in neurons and glial cells, including appearance of blebbing and overall reduction of the cell volume. Further, enhanced expression of Caspase-3 in neurons and glial cells exposed to CCF by immunofluorescence imaging, supported by Western blot experiment s...
Source: Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy - October 17, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The role of plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein in pathological breakdown of blood –brain and blood–retinal barriers: potential novel therapeutic target for cerebral edema and diabetic macular edema
AbstractBreakdown of the blood –brain barrier (BBB) or inner blood–retinal barrier (BRB), induced by pathologically elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or other mediators, can lead to vasogenic edema and significant clinical problems such as neuronal morbidity and mortality, or vision loss. Restoratio n of the barrier function with corticosteroids in the brain, or by blocking VEGF in the eye are currently the predominant treatment options for brain edema and diabetic macular edema, respectively. However, corticosteroids have side effects, and VEGF has important neuroprotective, vascular protect...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - September 20, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Role of serum ‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinases in stroke
Abstract Increased expression of serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) can be induced by stress and growth factors in mammals, and plays an important role in cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. A recent work suggested that SGK1 activity restores damage in a stroke model. To further investigate the role of SGKs in ischemic brain injury, we examined how SGK inhibitors influence stroke outcome in vivo and neurotoxicity in vitro. Infarct volumes were compared in adult mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 24 h reperfusion, in the absence or presence of SGK inhibitors. Neurotoxicity assay,...
Source: Journal of Neurochemistry - May 24, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Koichi Inoue, Tiandong Leng, Tao Yang, Zhao Zeng, Takatoshi Ueki, Zhi ‐Gang Xiong Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Role of serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinases in stroke
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Source: Journal of Neurochemistry - April 27, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Koichi Inoue, Tiandong Leng, Tao Yang, Zhao Zeng, Takatoshi Ueki, Zhi‐Gang Xiong Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Erectile Dysfunction in Individuals with Neurologic Disability: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study
Conclusion: The occurence of erectile dysfunction is significantly more prevalent among neurologically disabled men, particularly those with lesions below S2–S4, than among men without neurologic disability. Considering the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among neurologically disabled men, sexual functioning should be regularly evaluated during acute and long-term rehabilitation, and any existing sexual dysfunction should be addressed in the treatment plan. Introduction Penile erection is a neurovascular event characterized by the dilation of arteries that cause the corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum of the peni...
Source: Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience - February 22, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Authors: ICN Online Editor Tags: Current Issue Medical Issues Neurologic Systems and Symptoms Neurology Neuromuscular Disease Original Research Neurogenic SD; Erectile Dysfunction; sexual health; Quality of life Source Type: research

Erectile Dysfunction in Individuals with Neurologic Disability: A Hospital-based, Cross-sectional Study
Conclusion: The occurence of erectile dysfunction is significantly more prevalent among neurologically disabled men, particularly those with lesions below S2–S4, than among men without neurologic disability. Considering the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among neurologically disabled men, sexual functioning should be regularly evaluated during acute and long-term rehabilitation, and any existing sexual dysfunction should be addressed in the treatment plan. Introduction Penile erection is a neurovascular event characterized by the dilation of arteries that cause the corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum of the peni...
Source: Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience - February 1, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Authors: ICN Online Editor Tags: Current Issue Medical Issues Neurologic Systems and Symptoms Neurology Neuromuscular Disease Original Research Neurogenic SD; Erectile Dysfunction; sexual health; Quality of life Source Type: research