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Veterinary Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) in the United States
Veterinary Chagas disease is a persistent threat to humans, dogs, and other wild or domestic mammals that live where infected triatomine “kissing bug” insect vectors occur across the Americas, including 28 states in the Southern United States. Animals infected with the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite may be asymptomatic or may develop myocarditis, heart failure, and sudden death. It is difficult to prevent animal contact with vectors because they are endemic in sylvatic environments and often disperse to domestic habitats. Challenges for disease management include imperfect diagnostic tests and limited antiparasitic treatme...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Sarah A. Hamer, Ashley B. Saunders Source Type: research

Schistosomiasis in the United States
Canine schistosomiasis is a well-established cause of a granulomatous enteropathy and hepatopathy in dogs. In a small subset of patients, infection triggers significant hypercalcemia. Clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings are fairly nonspecific but ultrasonographic evidence of heterogenous small intestinal wall layering and pin-point hyperechoic foci in bowel, nodes, and liver is highly suggestive of infection. A sensitive, commercially available, fecal polymerase chain reaction test can be used to establish the diagnosis. Treatment protocols rely on praziquantel with fenbendazole. Most dogs will recover, although ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Audrey K. Cook Source Type: research

Hemotropic Mycoplasma
Hemoplasma infections are erythrocytic infections in both cats and dogs but are more common, and more often associated with disease, in cats. Mycoplasma haemofelis is the most pathogenic species in cats, causing hemolytic anemia and fever in immunocompetent hosts, whereas Mycoplasma haemocanis usually only results in hemolytic anemia in splenectomized or immunocompromised dogs. Diagnosis is by polymerase chain reaction on blood samples because cytology is unreliable. Prompt treatment of clinical disease with supportive care and at least 2 weeks of doxycycline is usually successful. Transmission pathways have not been confi...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: S éverine Tasker Source Type: research

Hepatozoonosis of Dogs and Cats
Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon americanum are tick-borne infections of dogs transmitted by different tick species, with dissimilar geographic distributions, target organs, and clinical syndromes. H canis is transmitted mostly by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, affects hemolymphoid organs, is associated with anemia and other hematologic abnormalities, and is widely prevalent globally, whereas H americanum is transmitted by the Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum, causes severe myositis, and is an emerging parasite in the southern United States. Treatment of these 2 infections decreases the parasitic...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Gad Baneth, Kelly Allen Source Type: research

Leishmaniasis
caused by Leishmania infantum is an important zoonotic disease transmitted by sand flies with a high prevalence of infection in dogs and cats in regions whereby transmission occurs. Clinical disease is systemic with variable presenting signs and degrees of severity. It affects the skin, lymph nodes, eyes, bone marrow, kidneys, and other organs. The clinical findings in dogs and cats with L.  infantum infection are generally similar. Subclinical infection of canines and felines in endemic areas is frequent. Long-term treatment of the disease with allopurinol, or combination of allopurinol with meglumine antimoniate or mil...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Gad Baneth, Laia Solano-Gallego Source Type: research

Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are zoonotic tick-borne diseases with broad distribution. Advances in diagnostics have enhanced our understanding of the species of rickettsial organisms involved, their expanding geographic distribution, and their impact on the health of dogs, cats, and people. While clinical remission can be achieved with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, optimal treatment modalities for the elimination of infection remain somewhat uncertain. Protection through vaccines for ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis remains elusive. This review provides practicing veterinarians with the most current information ab...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Pedro Paulo V.P. Diniz, Daniel Moura de Aguiar Source Type: research

Emerging Spotted Fever Rickettsioses in the United States
Spotted fever rickettsioses are important causes of emerging infectious disease in the United States and elsewhere. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, caused by R. rickettsii causes a febrile, acute illness in dogs. Because it circulates in peripheral blood in low copy number and because of the acute nature of the disease, dogs may test PCR and seronegative at the time of presentation. Therefore, therapy with doxycycline must be initiated and continued based on the clinician ’s index of suspicion. Combining PCR with serologic testing, repeat testing of the same pre-antimicrobial blood sample, and testing convalescent samples ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Linda Kidd Source Type: research

Babesia in North America
Canine babesiosis results from infection of 1 of 5 identified protozoal species in the United States (Babesia conradae, Babesia sp. “coco,” Babesia gibsoni, Babesia vogeli, and Babesia vulpes). They are part of the Apicomplexa family of protozoa and are obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. Domestic and wild canids are suspected of being intermediate hosts. This updated article aims to provide practical guidance about the cl inical manifestations of disease, treatment options, and outcomes. In addition, the authors hope to provide some clarity about the taxonomy and nomenclature of these organisms, as they have undergo...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Jonathan D. Dear, Adam Birkenheuer Source Type: research

Changes
The geographic distribution and prevalence of vector-borne disease are changing. Changes in disease prevalence have resulted from shifts in the geographic distribution of vectors and global movement of dogs and people. Advances in molecular and other diagnostic techniques have increased our ability to detect and differentiate disease-causing agents. These and other factors have contributed to an increased recognition of vector-borne disease in the United States and other parts of the world. This issue of the Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice highlights changes in the distribution, diagnosis, and tr...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Linda Kidd Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Vector-Borne Diseases
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Linda Kidd Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
LINDA KIDD, DVM, PhD (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Linda Kidd (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Clinical Pathology (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - November 1, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Quality Assurance for Veterinary In-Clinic Laboratories
Quality assurance and the implementation of a quality management system are as important for veterinary in-clinic laboratories as for reference laboratories. Elements of a quality management system include the formulation of a quality plan, establishment of quality goals, a health and safety policy, trained personnel, appropriate and well-maintained facilities and equipment, standard operating procedures, and participation in external quality assurance programs. Quality assurance principles should be applied to preanaltyic, analytic, and postanalytic phases of the in-clinic laboratory cycle to ensure that results are accur...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - October 18, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Emma H. Hooijberg Source Type: research