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Cat Inappropriate Elimination and its Interaction with Physical Disease
Inappropriate elimination or behavioral periuria/perichezia is likely the most reported feline behavioral problem worldwide. A change in behavior is often one of the early signs of physical disease and in addition can aggravate an existing behavioral response. An initial determination of causation is essential; is it medical or behavioral, or a combination of both? Stress activates both the sympathetic adrenomedullary system for short-term responses and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis for long-term responses. Once medical problems have been treated or ruled out, attention should shift to minimizing and using variou...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - August 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Amy Learn, Debra Horwitz Source Type: research

Veterinary Psychopharmacology
The stress response affects the central nervous system and multiple other systems in the body. Chronic mental and behavioral pathologies are associated with inflammation, dysfunctions in the immune response and an increased risk for other chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Psychiatric treatments alleviate fear, stress and anxiety, increase the qualify of life and lifespan for dogs and cats. Multiple safe psychoactive medications that can be used in association are available to help veterinary patients. Clinicians should understand the function of neurotransmitters and hormones on emotional processing, cognition a...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - August 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Leticia M.S. Dantas, Niwako Ogata Source Type: research

Treating Stubborn Cardiac Arrhythmias —Looking Toward the Future
As animals can develop significant side effects or remain refractory while on antiarrhythmic medical therapy for tachyarrhythmias, interventional therapies are progressively being explored. This review will highlight the principles and utilities of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, electrophysiological mapping and catheter ablation, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping, and stereotactic arrhythmia radiotherapy. In particular, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping is emerging as an adjunct electrophysiology tool to facilitate activation, substrate, and pace mapping for intuitive analysis of complex tachy...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - August 2, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Weihow Hsue, Allison L. Gagnon Source Type: research

Small Animal Theriogenology
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - August 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bruce W. Christensen Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - August 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
BRUCE W. CHRISTENSEN, DVM, MS (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - August 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Bruce W. Christensen (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - August 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Advancements in Companion Animal Cardiology (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - August 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Preventing Cardiogenic Thromboembolism in Cats
Cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism (CATE) is a devastating complication in cats with cardiomyopathies with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CATE, its recurrence and mortality remain high. This highlights the urgent need for a greater understanding of CATE pathophysiology so that novel diagnostic tests and therapeutics can be developed. This comprehensive review aims to summarize existing literature on pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and current recommendations on the prevention and treatment of CATE. It also identifies and describes knowledge gaps and res...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 27, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Meg Shaverdian, Ronald H.L. Li Source Type: research

Predicting Development of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Disease Outcomes in Cats
Echocardiography is the gold standard imaging modality to diagnose hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats. Echocardiographic features can predict both cats at an increased risk of developing HCM and cats with HCM at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular events or  experiencing cardiac death. Left atrial dysfunction seems to be an important feature of HCM, as it is an early phenotypic abnormality and is also associated with worse outcome. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 25, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Jose Novo Matos, Jessie Rose Payne Source Type: research

Advances in the Treatment of Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis represents the most common congenital heart defect of dogs and appears to be increasing in prevalence due to the growing popularity of brachycephalic breeds. Current treatments include beta-blockade and balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, though evidence-based approaches to this disease are lacking. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is most effective for fused, doming valves leaving a large population of dogs with thick, dysplastic valves that fail to respond adequately to balloon dilation. Transpulmonary stent implantation is an emerging therapy to consider for dogs with valve dysplasia or who have fai...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 13, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Brian A. Scansen Source Type: research

Canine Neonatal Health
This article provides a high-level overview of canine neonatal health for clinicians to use as a mental framework so that when presented with a canine neonate it is easier to construct a logical and systematic clinical approach that is less overwhelming. As early detection of the at-risk neonate results in earlier intervention, and improved health outcomes, there will be a focus on pro-active care. Where appropriate, other articles in this issue will be mentioned for a more in-depth discussion of specific areas. Key points will be highlighted throughout the text. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 7, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Sophie A. Grundy Source Type: research

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy –Advances in Imaging and Diagnostic Strategies
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most important and prevalent cardiac disease in cats. Due to the highly variable nature of HCM, a multimodal approach including physical examination, genetic evaluation, cardiac biomarkers, and imaging are all essential elements to appropriate and timely diagnosis. These foundational elements are advancing rapidly in veterinary medicine. Newer biomarkers such as galectin-3 are currently being researched and advances in tissue speckle-tracking and contrast-enhanced echocardiography are readily available. Advanced imaging techniques, such as cardiac MRI, are providing previously unava...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 7, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ryan Fries Source Type: research

The Genetics of Canine Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
There have been recent advancements in understanding the genetic contribution to pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) in brachycephalic breeds such as the French Bulldog and Bulldog. The associated genes are transcriptions factors involved in cardiac development, which is comparable to the genes that cause PS in humans. However, validation studies and functional follow up is necessary before this information can be used for screening purposes. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 7, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Samantha Kovacs, Brian A. Scansen, Joshua Stern Source Type: research

Beyond Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
The renin –angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) consists of bioactive angiotensin peptides, enzymatic pathways, receptors, and the steroid hormone aldosterone. The RAAS regulates blood pressure, sodium, and electrolyte homeostasis and mediates pathologic disease processes. Within this system is an altern ative arm that counterbalances the vasoconstrictive, sodium and water retentive, and pro-fibrotic and inflammatory effects of the classical arm. Improved biochemical methodologies in RAAS quantification are elucidating how this complex system changes in health and disease. Future treatments for card iovascular and kid...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 7, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Marisa K. Ames, Darcy B. Adin, James Wood Source Type: research