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The Role of Personalized Medicine in Companion Animal Cardiology
Cardiomyopathies remain one of the most common inherited cardiac diseases in both human and veterinary patients. To date, well over 100 mutated genes are known to cause cardiomyopathies in humans with only a handful known in cats and dogs. This review highlights the need and use of personalized one-health approaches to cardiovascular case management and advancement in pharmacogenetic-based therapy in veterinary medicine. Personalized medicine holds promise in understanding the molecular basis of disease and ultimately will unlock the next generation of targeted novel pharmaceuticals and aid in the reversal of detrimental e...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 7, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Victor N. Rivas, Joshua A. Stern, Yu Ueda Source Type: research

The Role of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Managing Cardiac Emergencies
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a useful imaging tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiac emergencies. Unlike complete echocardiography, POCUS is a time-sensitive examination involving a subset of targeted thoracic ultrasound views to identify abnormalities of the heart, lungs, pleural space, and caudal vena cava. When integrated with other clinical information, POCUS can be helpful in the diagnosis of left-sided and right-sided congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion and tamponade, and severe pulmonary hypertension and can help clinicians monitor resolution or recurrence of these conditions. (Source: Ve...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 7, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Jessica L. Ward, Teresa C. DeFrancesco Source Type: research

The Role of Autoantibodies in Companion Animal Cardiac Disease
Clinical studies exploring the role of autoimmune diseases in cardiac dysfunction have become increasingly common in both human and veterinary literature. Autoantibodies (AABs) specific to cardiac receptors have been found in human and canine dilated cardiomyopathy, and circulating autoantibodies have been suggested as a sensitive biomarker for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in people and Boxer dogs. In this article, we will summarize recent literature on AABs and their role in cardiac diseases of small animals. Despite the potential for new discoveries in veterinary cardiology, current data in veterinary ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 7, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lu ís Dos Santos, Ashley L. Walker Source Type: research

Canine Pregnancy, Eutocia, and Dystocia
Veterinary care of breeding dogs begins before a breeding takes place, during prebreeding consultations, through matings, gestation, and delivery of newborns. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 4, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Autumn Davidson, Janis Cain Source Type: research

Advancing Treatments for Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
This article outlines the key work performed using cellular and animal models that has led to and continues to guide the development of new innovative therapeutic strategies. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 4, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Joanna L. Kaplan, Victor N. Rivas, David J. Connolly Source Type: research

Canine Semen Evaluation and Processing
Advances in canine semen evaluation have progressed over time in fits and spurts, interspersed with long periods of relative inactivity. Despite exciting advances in the semen analysis, clinical canine theriogenology has been in a period of relative inactivity for a number of decades since initial advances in canine semen freezing in the mid 20th century. This review describes ways that the clinical practice of canine semen evaluation should improve, given the state of current knowledge. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bruce W. Christensen, Stuart Meyers Source Type: research

Early Puppy Behavior
Breeders have a unique ability to positively impact the lives of puppies. Veterinarians have the opportunity to educate breeders on the importance of implementing early behavior strategies, including bite prevention in the form of early body handling, socialization, food bowl exercises, and object exchange exercises, and emotional resilience training, early house training, and early life skill training such as crate training, recall, and sit to say please. New puppy owners should be encouraged and educated on how to safely continue this training and socialization after they pick up their puppy and guided to enroll in a wel...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - July 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ericka Mendez Source Type: research

A Profession Dedicated to Healthy Breeding Programs
When I was interviewing for veterinary school admissions, I was asked to differentiate a job from a profession. There are undoubtedly a lot of appropriate ways to answer that question. My thoughts were along the lines that the motivation to do a job is mostly the payment, and when the required tasks are done, you go home; but a profession is a part of you, and you are a part of it, and so you don ’t just do the minimum required tasks, you also find ways to contribute and build it up. The professionals who present their contributions here received no compensation for their work, just the fulfillment of doing something wor...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - June 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bruce W. Christensen Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Update on Brucella canis
The genus Brucella is known by veterinarians as a primary cause of reproductive diseases. It is widely known to cause financial devastation in livestock species, and is lesser known as a problem for dog breeders and fanciers with similar reproductive diseases seen in dogs. Now there are concerns about the dispersal of Brucella canis into countries that have enjoyed a fairly low incidence, through the importation of dogs from endemic countries. B canis, much like Brucella abortus, suis or mellitensis, is zoonotic and handling or working with infected dogs can lead to human disease. Only within the last few decades has the r...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - June 27, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Mary K. Sebzda, Lin K. Kauffman Source Type: research

Progesterone Analysis in Canine Breeding Management
Progesterone is a worthwhile addition to the clinical assessment of cycle stage for breeding, elective cesarian delivery, and reproductive management in the bitch if reliably measured. Clinical decisions based on systemic progesterone concentrations also require the rapid return of results. Most commercially accessible analyses capable of returning results within a day still rely primarily on immunoassays of one kind or another. Point-of-care instruments utilizing similar technology have been developed more recently to enable results to be generated in-house. Repeated monitoring of progesterone on whatever platform can be ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - June 27, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Alan J. Conley, Kris L. Gonzales, Hollis N. Erb, Bruce W. Christensen Source Type: research

Cardiac Disease and Screening in Breeding Dogs
Acquired and congenital heart diseases are relatively common in dogs, particularly in certain breeds. Modes of inheritance and genetic causes have been established for several cardiac diseases within various breeds. Breed screening is used to try and reduce the prevalence of certain canine cardiac diseases. Although breed screening seems to help reduce the prevalence of canine heart disease, the outcomes of specific breeding programs are variable and depend on multiple factors. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - June 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michael Aherne Source Type: research

Nutrition and Theriogenology
Feeding during normal reproduction is often not thought of until there is a problem with conception or gestational losses. Energy demands of lactation and early puppy/kitten are of concern, particularly in large and giant breed dogs where mineral balance is crucial to normal development. There is a paucity of information around optimizing feeding during conception and gestation with many myths around ingredients which will be explored in this article along with supplements that may be able to support spermatogenesis and conception which primarily comes from the human literature and may have validity in times of difficult c...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - June 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Hyun-tae Kim, Joseph J. Wakshlag Source Type: research

Decision-Making on Recommended Age of Spay/Neuter for a Specific Dog
Many dogs and cats were euthanized in US animal shelters through the 1940s, sharply declining in the 1980s. Early age neutering of young cats and dogs grew frequent in the 1990s; adoptions from shelters increased, leading to a decline in shelter euthanasia of dogs. Several publications, beginning in 2013, revealed heightened risks of joint disorders and some cancers for some dog breeds when neutered at young ages. These risks are breed-, gender-, and body-size specific and related to neutering age. Current guidelines suggest making a personalized decision for each dog's neutering age. Recommendations are presented for 40 b...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - June 15, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lynette A. Hart, Benjamin L. Hart, Abigail P. Thigpen Source Type: research

Pyometra in Small Animals 3.0
Pyometra is a common disease in intact bitches and queens and occurs, although less frequently, in most other female pets. In bitches and queens, the illness is generally diagnosed within 4  months after estrus, in middle-aged to older individuals. Complications such as peritonitis, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome are not uncommon and associated with more severe illness. Ovary-sparing surgical options such as hysterectomy could be considered in individuals wit h high-risk for detrimental side effects of spaying or without infection of the uterus but has not yet been evaluated for safety in pyometr...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - June 1, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ragnvi Hagman Source Type: research

Ophthalmic Disease and Screening in Breeding Dogs
This article describes the history and infrastructure associated with canine breed-related eye screening and certification by Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. Some of the common or otherwise particularly problematic specific inherited ophthalmic conditions are discussed. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - May 26, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Kathryn A. Diehl, Sonia Kuhn Asif, Freya Mowat Source Type: research