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Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Dogs and Cats
In recent years, glucose monitoring has been revolutionized by the development of continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS), which are wearable non/minimally invasive devices that measure glucose concentration almost continuously for several consecutive d/wk. The Abbott FreeStyle Libre is the CGMS used most commonly. It has adequate clinical accuracy both in dogs and cats, even though the accuracy is lower in the hypoglycemic range. It allows an accurate identification of glycemic excursions occurring throughout the day as well as of glucose variations during consecutive days, enabling the clinician to make a more infor...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 26, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Francesca Del Baldo, Federico Fracassi Source Type: research

Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis in Cats
Eosinophilic keratitis is a disease of the feline ocular surface. It is characterized by conjunctivitis, white to pink raised plaques on the corneal and conjunctival surfaces, corneal vascularization, and variable ocular pain. Cytology is the diagnostic test of choice. Identification of eosinophils in a corneal cytology sample usually confirms the diagnosis, although lymphocytes, mast cells, and neutrophils are often present concurrently. Immunosuppressives are the mainstay of therapy, topically or systemically. The role of feline herpesvirus-1 in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis (EK) remains unclear. ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Amber Labelle, Philippe Labelle Source Type: research

Feline Glaucoma
Feline glaucoma is best categorized as either secondary, congenital and anterior segment dysgenesis associated, or primary. More than 90% of all feline glaucoma develops secondary to uveitis or intraocular neoplasia. The uveitis is usually idiopathic and assumed to be immune-mediated, whereas lymphosarcoma and diffuse iridal melanoma account for many of the intraocular neoplastic-induced glaucoma in cats. Several topical and systemic therapies are useful in the control of the inflammation and elevated intraocular pressures associated with feline glaucoma. Enucleation remains the recommended therapy for blind glaucomatous f...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bruce Grahn Source Type: research

Optical Coherence Tomography
Normative standards for healthy animal structures have been established by optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT has been used in animal studies to characterize more precisely ocular lesions, identify the origin of the affected layer, and eventually provide a curative treatment. To acquire a high image resolution, several challenges must be overcome when performing an OCT scan on animals. Sedation or general anesthesia is usually necessary in OCT image acquisition to alleviate motion during image acquisition. Mydriasis, eye position and movements, head position, and corneal hydration must also be managed during the OCT a...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Maria Vanore, Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano Source Type: research

An Update on the Ocular Surface Bacterial Microbiota in Small Animals
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques have revolutionized the way we understand microbial communities in both research and clinical settings and are bringing new insights into what constitutes a healthy ocular surface (and a diseased one). As more diagnostic laboratories incorporate HTS into their technique repertoire, practitioners can expect this technology to become increasingly accessible for clinical practice, potentially becoming the new standard. However, particularly regarding ophthalmic microbiota, considerable research remains to render HTS accessible and applicable. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North Ame...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Marina L. Leis Source Type: research

The Clinical Approach to Canine Glaucoma
This article provides a simplified approach to diagnosis and clinical decision making in cases of canine glaucoma for the general practitioner. An overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology related to canine glaucoma is provided as a foundation. Classifications of glaucoma based on cause are described as congenital, primary, and secondary, and a discussion of key clinical examination findings is provided to guide appropriate therapy and prognostication. Finally, a discussion of emergency and maintenance therapy is provided. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lynne Sandmeyer Source Type: research

Diagnostic Tests Used During the Ocular Examination
This article provides a review of the required ocular tests during the ophthalmologic examinations of canine and feline patients. Knowledge of medications affecting ocular parameters and awareness of available instrumentation and test materials is essential for accurate diagnoses. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Chantale L. Pinard Source Type: research

A Review of Canine Episclerokeratitis and Scleritis
Episcleritis is synonymous with episclerokeratitis although the latter is most appropriate as the cornea is often affected as well as the episclera. Episcleritis is a superficial ocular disease characterized by inflammation of the episclera and conjunctiva. It responds most commonly to topical antinflammatory medications. In contrast scleritis is a granulomatous fulminant panophthalmitis that will progress rapidly and induce significant intraocular disease including glaucoma and exudative retinal detachments without systemic immune suppressive therapy. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bruce Grahn Source Type: research

Topical Ocular Therapeutics in Small Animals
This article reviews the administration of common topical ophthalmic medications, in relation to factors influencing absorption including composition of topical ophthalmic preparations, and potential systemic effects. Commonly prescribed, commercially available topical ophthalmic medications are discussed with respect to pharmacology, their indications for use, and adverse effects. Knowledge of topical ocular pharmacokinetics is essential for the management of veterinary ophthalmic disease. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Elizabeth M. James-Jenks, Chantale L. Pinard Source Type: research

Diagnosing Corneal Pigmentation in Small Animals
The transparency of the cornea is critical to its role in transmitting light. Loss of corneal transparency results in visual impairment. Corneal pigmentation results from melanin accumulation in the epithelial cells of the cornea. Differential diagnosis for corneal pigmentation include corneal sequestrum, corneal foreign body, limbal melanocytoma, iris prolapse, and dermoid. These conditions must be excluded to reach a diagnosis of corneal pigmentation. A myriad of ocular surface conditions are associated with corneal pigmentation, including qualitative and quantitative tear film deficiency, adnexal disease, corneal ulcera...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Amber Labelle, Philippe Labelle Source Type: research

Blepharitis and Neoplasms of the Canine Eyelid Margin and Skin
Canine eyelid masses (tumors) should include the differential clinical diagnoses of neoplasia and blepharitis. They have many common clinical signs including tumor, alopecia, and hyperemia. Biopsy and histologic examination remains the most effective diagnostic test to establish a confirmed diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Neoplasms are typically benign (tarsal gland adenomas, melanocytomas, and so forth) with the exception of lymphosarcoma. Blepharitis is noted in 2 age groups including dogs aged less than 1.5  years and middle aged to older dogs. Most blepharitis cases will respond to specific therapy once an accura...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bruce Grahn Source Type: research

Glaucoma Associated with Anterior Segment Dysgenesis in Dogs and Cats
Reports of glaucoma associated with anterior segment dysgenesis in dogs and cats are rare. Anterior segment dysgenesis is a sporadic, congenital syndrome with a range of anterior segment anomalies that may or may not result in congenital or developmental glaucoma within the first years of life. Specifically, the anterior segment anomalies that put the neonatal or juvenile dog or cat at high risk for the development of glaucoma are filtration angle and anterior uveal hypoplasia, elongated ciliary processes, and microphakia. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Marina L. Leis, Bruce Grahn Source Type: research

Preface
It is an honor to edit an issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice in Ophthalmology. I am humbled when I consider following the many distinguished guest editors in varied specialties of Veterinary medicine who have edited previous issues over the last five decades. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice was first published in 1971, the year that I began my preveterinary program. At that time, specialties within veterinary medicine were in their infancy, and the creation of small review books that came in several issues dedicated to varied disciplines each year was far ahead of...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bruce Grahn Source Type: research

Ophthalmology in Small Animal Care
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Bruce Grahn Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice - February 21, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research