Seizures and Status Epilepticus
Semin Neurol 2020; 40: 593-594 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721086 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Full text (Source: Seminars in Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 24, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Pollandt, Sebastian Bleck, Thomas Tags: Preface Source Type: research
Sebastian Pollandt, MD, and Thomas Bleck, MD, MCCM
Semin Neurol 2020; 40: 591-592 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721085 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Full text (Source: Seminars in Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 24, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Greer, David M. Tags: Introduction to the Guest Editors Source Type: research
Epilepsy —Work-Up and Management in Children
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718720Pediatric epilepsy is a highly variable condition due to age-related expression of syndromes that require specific diagnosis, evaluations, and treatments. Children with epilepsy differ from their adult counterparts in many important ways, mostly related to the age-related expression of specific epilepsy syndromes. This results in many important considerations related to the epilepsy diagnosis, classification, evaluations to determine an etiology, as well as treatment guidelines. A good understanding of these factors will help to establish an accurate epilepsy diagnosis, which in turn...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Tenney, Jeffrey R. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Electroencephalogram Monitoring in Critical Care
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719073Seizures are common in critically ill patients. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a tool that enables clinicians to provide continuous brain monitoring and to guide treatment decisions—brain telemetry. EEG monitoring has particular utility in the intensive care unit as most seizures in this setting are nonconvulsive. Despite the increased use of EEG monitoring in the critical care unit, it remains underutilized. In this review, we summarize the utility of EEG and different EEG modalities to monitor patients in the critical care setting. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenu...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Rubinos, Clio Alkhachroum, Ayham Der-Nigoghossian, Caroline Claassen, Jan Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Genetic Testing in Epilepsy
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719070Because of next-generation sequencing and the discovery of many new causative genes, genetic testing in epilepsy patients has become widespread. Pathologic variants resulting in epilepsy cause a variety of changes that can be broadly classified into syndromic disorders (i.e., chromosomal abnormalities), metabolic disorders, brain malformations, and abnormal cellular signaling. Here, we review the available genetic testing, reasons to pursue genetic testing, common genetic causes of epilepsy, the data behind what patients are found to have genetic epilepsies based on current testing, ...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Ritter, David M. Holland, Katherine Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Epilepsy: Workup and Management in Adults
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719069When managing epilepsy, there is a temptation to focus care with respect to the last and the next seizure. However, epilepsy is a multifaceted chronic condition and should be treated as such. Epilepsy comes with many physical risks, psychological effects, and socioeconomic ramifications, demanding a long-term commitment from the treating physician. Patients with epilepsy, compared to other chronically ill patient populations, have a worse quality of life, family function, and less social support. The majority of patients are well controlled on antiseizure drugs. However, approximatel...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: O'Dwyer, Rebecca Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Status Epilepticus: Work-Up and Management in Adults
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719112Status epilepticus is one of the most common neurological emergencies and is likely to have increasing prevalence in coming years given an aging “baby boomer” population in the United States. Because status epilepticus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, identification and treatment are paramount. Care should be taken to exclude nonorganic mimics and infectious and metabolic causes. Status epilepticus can be classified into stages with associated recommendations for escalation in therapy, increasing from push-dose benzodiazepines to continuous anesthetic infus...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Meziane-Tani, Assia Foreman, Brandon Mizrahi, Moshe A. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Status Epilepticus: Definition, Classification, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718722Status epilepticus (SE) is the state of continuous or repetitive seizures, which can occur with or without convulsions. Evolving definitions of SE take into account the concept that neuronal injury may occur at different times in different types of SE.SE that does not respond to initial treatment may become refractory or even super-refractory. Nonconvulsive SE is increasingly recognized in comatose patients in critical care units, with the growing use of continuous electroencephalogram monitoring. SE is a neurologic emergency that carries a high risk of mortality and morbidity. [...]...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Johnson, Emily L. Kaplan, Peter W. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Principles of Pharmacotherapy of Seizures and Status Epilepticus
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718721Status epilepticus is a neurological emergency with an outcome that is highly associated with the initial pharmacotherapy management that must be administered in a timely fashion. Beyond first-line therapy of status epilepticus, treatment is not guided by robust evidence. Optimal pharmacotherapy selection for individual patients is essential in the management of seizures and status epilepticus with careful evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. With the addition of newer antiseizure agents to the market, understanding their role in the management of status epilept...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Der-Nigoghossian, Caroline Tesoro, Eljim P. Strein, Micheal Brophy, Gretchen M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Immunologic Treatments of Seizures and Status Epilepticus
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719111An autoimmune etiology for seizures, epilepsy, and status epilepticus is becoming increasingly recognized. The role of autoimmunity in epilepsy has been highlighted in the literature and the International League Against Epilepsy now recognizes autoimmune epilepsy as a distinct entity. An appropriate and thorough work-up of all new-onset seizures and status epilepticus is paramount in determining the likely efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents in treating seizures and status epilepticus. Criteria for the clinical diagnosis of autoimmune mediated epilepsy and encephalitis have been pub...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Culler, George W. VanHaerents, Stephen Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Surgical Treatments of Epilepsy
This article reviews the two main categories of surgical epilepsy treatment—resective surgery and neuromodulation. Resective surgery includes temporal lobe resections, extratemporal resections, laser interstitial thermal therapy, and disconnection procedures. We discuss the three main types of neuromodulation—vagal nerve stimulation, responsive neurostimulation, and deep brain stimulation for epilepsy. The history and indications are explored for each type of treatment. Given the myriad types of resection and neuromodulation techniques, patient selection is reviewed in detail, with a discussion on which patients are mo...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Ahmad, Shahjehan Khanna, Ryan Sani, Sepehr Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Acute Seizures —Work-Up and Management in Children
This article will review updated definitions of seizures, including provoked versus unprovoked, as well as the International League Against Epilepsy operational definition of epilepsy. A variety of specific acute symptomatic seizures requiring special consideration are discussed, along with neonatal seizures and seizure mimics, which are common in pediatric populations. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.Article in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 5, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Romantseva, Lubov Lin, Nan Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Acute Provoked Seizures —Work-Up and Management in Adults
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719075Acute provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, occur secondary to a neurological or systemic precipitant, commonly presenting as a first-time seizure. In this article, we will discuss etiology, emergent protocols, medical work-up, initial treatment, and management of these seizures. The definitions, classifications, and management of convulsive status epilepticus and nonconvulsive status epilepticus in an acute setting will also be reviewed. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.Article in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents ...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 5, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Moosavi, Rana Swisher, Christa B. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Ketogenic Diet Therapies for Seizures and Status Epilepticus
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719077Ketogenic diet therapies are high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets designed to mimic a fasting state. Although initially developed nearly one century ago for seizure management, most clinical trials for the management of drug-resistant epilepsy in children as well as adults have been conducted over the last 3 decades. Moreover, ketogenic diets offer promising new adjunctive strategies in the critical care setting for the resolution of acute status epilepticus when traditional antiseizure drugs and anesthetic agents fail. Here, we review the history of ketogenic diet development, the clini...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 5, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: McDonald, Tanya J. W. Cervenka, Mackenzie C. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Epilepsy —Definition, Classification, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology
This article begins by discussing the pathophysiology and epidemiology of epilepsy, and then covers the accepted contemporary definitions and classifications of seizures and epilepsies. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.Article in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents | Abstract | Full text (Source: Seminars in Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Neurology - November 5, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Falco-Walter, Jessica Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
