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Neural patterns elicited by lexical processing in adolescents with specific language impairment: support for the procedural deficit hypothesis?
ConclusionThe behavioral data suggests intact semantic conceptual knowledge, but impaired lexical phonological processing for the adolescents with SLI, consistent with the PDH. The pattern of cortical activation in response to semantic congruency and word frequency suggests, however, that the processing of lexical-semantic and lexical-phonological information by adolescents with a history of SLI may be supported by both overlapping and nonoverlapping neural generators to those of CA controls, and a greater reliance on declarative memory strategies. Taken together, the findings from this study suggest that the underlying re...
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - March 19, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Using causal methods to map symptoms to brain circuits in neurodevelopment disorders: moving from identifying correlates to developing treatments
AbstractA wide variety of model systems and experimental techniques can provide insight into the structure and function of the human brain in typical development and in neurodevelopmental disorders. Unfortunately, this work, whether based on manipulation of animal models or observational and correlational methods in humans, has a high attrition rate in translating scientific discovery into practicable treatments and therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders.With new computational and neuromodulatory approaches to interrogating brain networks, opportunities exist for “bedside-to bedside-translation” with a potentially ...
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - March 12, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Patterns and predictors of adaptive skills in 2- to 7-year-old children with Down syndrome
ConclusionThese findings underscore the importance of individualizing intervention programs focused on improving the adaptive skills of young children with Down syndrome based on consideration of the child ’s relative adaptive strengths and weaknesses. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - March 12, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

The effect of autistic traits on response to and side-effects of pharmacological ADHD treatment in children with ADHD: results from a prospective clinical cohort
ConclusionsOur results did not implicate that ADHD patients with concomitant ASD symptoms have decreased treatment effect of ADHD medication than patients with ADHD without concomitant ASD symptoms. Neither did the results support that ADHD patients with ASD symptoms experienced significantly more side-effects than ADHD patients without ASD symptoms. Although, we did not analyze different medications separately, this is in line with the only previous study directly comparing methylphenidate treatment in children with or without ASD.Trial registrationNCT02136147, May 12, 2014. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - March 6, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Innovative computational approaches shed light on genetic mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment among children born extremely preterm
ConclusionsWe conducted a novel computational analysis by utilizing an LPA-inferred phenotype with genetics data for the first time. This study suggests that rs11829294 and its LD buddies have potential regulatory roles on genes that could impact neurocognitive impairment for extreme preterm born children. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - March 3, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Atypical connectivity in the cortico-striatal network in NF1 children and its relationship with procedural perceptual-motor learning and motor skills
ConclusionNF1 children present atypical hyperconnectivity in cortico-striatal connections. The relationship with motor skills could suggest a sensorimotor dysfunction already found in children with developmental coordination disorder. These abnormalities are not linked to procedural perceptual-motor learning assessed by SRTT. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - March 1, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Altered subcortical and cortical brain morphology in adult women with 47,XXX: a 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study
ConclusionsResults suggest that a supernumerary X chromosome in females affects subcortical and lateral ventricle volumes, and cortical surface area in adulthood. 47,XXX may serve as a suitable model for studying genetic influences on structural brain morphology across developmental stages in order to understand neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive and behavioural impairments. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - February 23, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Childhood infections and autism spectrum disorders and/or intellectual disability: a register-based cohort study
ConclusionsInfections during childhood may contribute to a later diagnosis of ID and ASD. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - February 13, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

The research landscape of tuberous sclerosis complex –associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND)—a comprehensive scoping review
ConclusionsDespite the recent increase in TAND research, studies that represent participants across the lifespan, LMIC research sites and non-pharmacological interventions were identified as future priorities. The quality of cohort studies requires improvement, to which the use of standardised direct behavioural assessments may contribute. In human studies, the academic level in particular warrants further investigation. Remote technologies could help to address many of the TAND knowledge gaps identified. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - February 13, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial to explore the effects of a GABAA- α5 NAM (basmisanil) on intellectual disability associated with Down syndrome
ConclusionsBasmisanil did not meet the primary efficacy objective of concomitant improvement on cognition and adaptive functioning after 6 months of treatment, despite evidence for target engagement. This study provides key learnings for future clinical trials in Down syndrome.Trial registrationThe study was registered on December 31, 2013, at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02024789. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - February 5, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

LiCl treatment leads to long-term restoration of spine maturation and synaptogenesis in adult Tbr1 mutants
ConclusionsLiCl treatment could be used as a therapeutic approach for some cases of ASD with deficits in synaptic transmission. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - February 5, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Parahippocampal deactivation and hyperactivation of central executive, saliency and social cognition networks in autism spectrum disorder
ConclusionsWhen performing a virtual shopping task matching the performance of controls, ASD adolescents hyperactivate three core networks: executive, saliency and social cognition. Parahippocampal hypoactivation is consistent with effortless eidetic scene processing, in line with the notion of peaks and valleys of neural recruitment in individuals with ASD. These hyperactivation/hypoactivation patterns in daily life tasks provide a circuit-level signature of neural diversity in ASD, a possible intervention target. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 25, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Down-regulation of the brain-specific cell-adhesion molecule contactin-3 in tuberous sclerosis complex during the early postnatal period
ConclusionsOur data show a lower expression of contactin-3 in cortical tubers of TSC patients during early postnatal period as compared to controls, which may affect normal brain development and might contribute to neuropsychiatric co-morbidities observed in patients with TSC. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 15, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Family history of FXTAS is associated with age-related cognitive-linguistic decline among mothers with the FMR1 premutation
ConclusionsResults suggest that women with theFMR1 premutation who have a family history of FXTAS may be at increased risk for neurodegenerative disease, as indicated by age-related loss of syntactic complexity. Thus, family history of FXTAS may represent a personalized risk factor for age-related disease. Follow-up study is needed to determine whether syntactic decline is an early indicator of FXTAS specifically, as opposed to being a more general age-related cognitive decline associated with theFMR1 premutation. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 14, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Social behavior in RASopathies and idiopathic autism
ConclusionsFindings suggest that the development of social behavior among children with RASopathies involves a distinct pattern of strengths and weaknesses as compared to a behaviorally defined disorder (idiopathic ASD). Identification of areas of resilience as well as behavioral and social challenges will support more targeted intervention. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 12, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research