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Longitudinal change in restricted and repetitive behaviors from 8-36  months
ConclusionsThe RBS-EC is sensitive enough to measure the presence of RRBs in a TD sample, as well as their decline with age. Using factor score estimates of each subscale adjusted for non-invariance allowed us to more precisely estimate change in these behaviors over time. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 11, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Evidence for decreased parasympathetic response to a novel peer interaction in older children with autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study
ConclusionsPhysiological regulation, age, and social functioning likely influence stress responses to peer interactions for youth with ASD. Parasympathetic functioning, as opposed to sympathetic arousal, may be especially important in behavioral regulation, as older youth with ASD demonstrated atypical regulation and response to the social interaction paradigm. Future studies should help to further elucidate the developmental factors contributing to stress responses in ASD, the impact of physiological response on observable social behavior, and potential long-term consequences of chronic social stress in youth with ASD. (S...
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 9, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Associations between sensory processing and electrophysiological and neurochemical measures in children with ASD: an EEG-MRS study
ConclusionsAlthough we replicated prior reports of decreased alpha power in ASD, atypically reduced alpha was not related to neurochemical differences or sensory symptoms in ASD. Instead, reduced Glx in the temporal-parietal cortex was associated with greater hyper-sensitivity in ASD. Together, these findings may provide insight into the neural underpinnings of sensory processing differences present in ASD. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 6, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Read my lips! Perception of speech in noise by preschool children with autism and the impact of watching the speaker ’s face
ConclusionsYoung children both with and without ASD show poorer performance comprehending speech in the presence of another talker than in quiet. However, results suggest that neurotypical children may be better able to make use of face cues to partially counteract the effects of noise. Children with ASD varied in their use of face cues, but those children who spent more time attending to the face of the target speaker appeared less disadvantaged by the presence of background noise, indicating a potential path for future interventions. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 5, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Development of an adapted Clinical Global Impression scale for use in Angelman syndrome
ConclusionsRigorous training and careful calibration for clinicians will allow the CGI-S/-I-AS scales to be reliable in the context of randomized controlled trials. The CGI-S/-I-AS scales are being utilized in a Phase 3 trial of gaboxadol for the treatment of AS. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 4, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Controlling litter effects to enhance rigor and reproducibility with rodent models of neurodevelopmental disorders
AbstractResearch with rodents is crucial for expanding our understanding of genetic and environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). However, there is growing concern about the number of animal studies that are difficult to replicate, potentially undermining the validity of results. These concerns have prompted funding agencies and academic journals to implement more rigorous standards in an effort to increase reproducibility in research. However, these standards fail to address a major source of variability in rodent research brought on by the “litter effect,” the fact that rodents from the same ...
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 4, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Behavioural and neural markers of tactile sensory processing in infants at elevated likelihood of autism spectrum disorder and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ConclusionsReduced tactile neural repetition suppression is an early marker of later ASD traits in infants at elevated likelihood of ASD or ADHD, suggesting that a common pathway to later ASD traits exists despite different familial backgrounds. Elevated tactile sensory seeking may act as a protective factor, mitigating the relationship between early tactile neural repetition suppression and later ASD traits. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - January 4, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with or without coexisting autism spectrum disorder: analysis of data from the Swedish prescribed drug register
ConclusionsThe findings indicate that there are differences in the medical treatment of individuals with or without ASD. If these differences are due to different medication responses in ASD or due to other factors such as clinicians ’ perceptions of medication effects in patients with ASD, needs to be further studied. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - December 23, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Psychosocial deprivation and receptive language ability: a two-sample study
ConclusionExperiences of psychosocial deprivation may have long-lasting consequences for receptive language ability, extending to age 18  years. Psychosocial deprivation is an important prospective predictor of poorer receptive language.Trial registrationBucharest Early Intervention ProjectClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT00747396 (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - December 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Long-term spatial tracking of cells affected by environmental insults
ConclusionThe reporter transgenic mice allowed us to trace the cells that once responded to prenatal environmental stress and the progeny derived from these cells long after the exposure in postnatal animals. Tracing of these cells indicates that the impact of prenatal exposure on neural progenitor cells can lead to functional abnormalities in their progeny cells in the postnatal brain. Further studies using more clinically relevant exposure models are warranted to explore this mechanism. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - December 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Maternal immune response and air pollution exposure during pregnancy: insights from the Early Markers for Autism (EMA) study
ConclusionThis study suggests that maternal immune activation is associated with risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, that prenatal air pollution exposure is associated with small, but perhaps biologically relevant, effects on maternal immune system function during pregnancy. Additional studies are needed to better evaluate how prenatal exposure to air pollution affects the trajectory of maternal immune activation during pregnancy, if windows of heightened susceptibility can be identified, and how these factors influence neurodevelopment of the offspring. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - December 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Developmental exposure to diesel exhaust upregulates transcription factor expression, decreases hippocampal neurogenesis, and alters cortical lamina organization: relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders
ConclusionsThese results provide additional evidence to previous findings indicating the ability of developmental DE exposure to cause biochemical/molecular and behavioral alterations that may be involved in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - December 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Exploratory spatial analysis of autism rates in New York school districts: role of sociodemographic and language differences
ConclusionsSchools with higher rates of ASD and ELL students tend to be concentrated in urban regions throughout New York and have higher representation of Black and Hispanic/Latino students, as well as higher rates of learning disabilities in general. Further research is warranted to explore possible reasons for this phenomenon. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - December 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Translational outcomes relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders following early life exposure of rats to chlorpyrifos
ConclusionsThis work generated and  characterized a rat model of developmental CPF exposure that exhibits adverse behavioral phenotypes resulting from perinatal exposures at levels that did not significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain or blood. These data suggest that current regulations regarding safe levels of CPF need to be reconsidered. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - December 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Epigenetics modifiers: potential hub for understanding and treating neurodevelopmental disorders from hypoxic injury
ConclusionsThis review focuses on our current understanding of the intersection between epigenetics, brain development, and hypoxia. Opportunities for the use of epigenetics as biomarkers of neurodevelopmental disease after hypoxic injury and potential clinical epigenetics targets to improve outcomes after injury are also discussed. While there have been many published studies on the epigenetics of hypoxia, more are needed in the developing brain in order to determine which epigenetic pathways may be most important for mitigating the long-term consequences of hypoxic brain injury. (Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
Source: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders - December 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research