TNF induces production of type 2 cytokines in human group 2 innate lymphoid cells

It is well recognized that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a key role in both innate immunity to protect against parasitic pathogens and pathologic processes for many type 2 inflammatory diseases, including asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).1,2 ILC2-mediated inflammation is mainly triggered through production of type 2 cytokines, including IL-5 and IL-13. Although the epithelium-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are well appreciated to contribute to ILC2-mediated production of type 2 cytokines, recent studies found that members of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF), including TNFSF11 (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB [NF-κB; RANK] ligand), TNFSF15 (TNF-like cytokine 1A), and TNFSF18 (glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor [TNFR]–related protein [GITR] ligand), are also able to induce IL-5 and IL-13 in ILC2s through activation of their respective receptors: TNFR superfamily 11A (TNFRSF11A [RANK]), TNFRSF25 (d eath receptor 3) and TNFRSF18 (GITR).
Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research