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Serum uric acid and diabetes: from pathophysiology to cardiovascular disease.
Abstract Hyperuricemia, has been traditionally related to nephrolithiasis and gout. However, it has also been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Pathophysiologically, elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels may be associated with abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism. In this narrative review, we consider the associations between hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Furthermore, we comment on the available evidence linking elevated SUA levels with the incidence and outcomes of coronary heart disease, stroke, per...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - January 4, 2021 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Katsiki N, Dimitriadis GD, Mikhailidis DP Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

Risk Models and Scores of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.
Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and patients with DM are at a two to four-fold higher cardiovascular risk, including myocardial infraction, unstable angina, stroke, and heart failure. All of the above have arisen interest in CVD preventive strategies by the use of non-invasive methods, such as risk scores. The most common approach is to consider DM as a CVD equivalent and, therefore, to treat patients with DM in a similar way to those who required secondary CVD prevention. However, this approach has been disputed as all patients with DM...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - December 9, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Kostopoulos G, Antza C, Doundoulakis I, Toulis KA Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

The role of microRNAs in the development of type 2 diabetes complications.
Abstract MicroRNAs represent a class of small (19-25 nucleotides) single-strand pieces of RNA, that are non-coding ones. They are synthesized by RNA polymerase II from transcripts which fold back on themselves. They mostly act as gene regulatory agents, that pair with complementary sequences on mRNA and produce silencing complexes, which in turn suppress coding genes at a post-transcriptional level. There is now evidence that microRNAs may affect insulin secretion or insulin action, as they can alter pancreatic beta cells development, insulin production, as well as insulin signalling. Any molecular disorder that a...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - November 1, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Paschou SA, Siasos G, Katsiki N, Tentolouris N, Tousoulis D Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

CDKN2B-AS1: An indispensable long non-coding RNA in multiple diseases.
CONCLUSIONS: Long non-coding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 likely serves as a promising therapeutic target or prognosis biomarker in multiple human diseases. PMID: 32767927 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - August 4, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Song C, Qi Y, Zhang J, Guo C, Yuan C Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

Therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for endothelial dysfunction-related diseases.
Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered a major health problem worldwide, being the main cause of mortality in developing and developed countries. Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a decline in nitric oxide production and/or bioavailability, increased oxidative stress, decreased prostacyclin levels, and a reduction of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor is considered an important prognostic indicator of various CVD. Changes in cyclic nucleotides production and/ or signalling, such as guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), also accompany many va...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - April 2, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Blanco-Rivero J, E Xavier F Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

Long Noncoding RNAs as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets for Ischemic Stroke.
Abstract LncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) are endogenous molecules lacking protein-encoding capacity, which have been identified as key regulators of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that lncRNAs play critical roles in several aspects of ischemic stroke, including atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Hence, lncRNAs may further broaden our understanding of stroke pathogenesis. Altered lncRNA expression has been found in rodent focal cerebral ischemia models and oxygen-glucose deprived mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells as well as stroke patients. LncRNAs are consid...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - March 26, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Wang Q, Liu X, Zhu R Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

Combination of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: potential benefits in surrogate and hard endpoints.
CONCLUSION: The combination of metformin with SGLT2i, GLP-1 RA, and a potent statin, in high CVD risk patients with DM, is expected to substantially reduce CVD mortality and morbidity, improving the quality of life of patients with DM at the same time. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding. PMID: 29865997 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - June 3, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Doumas M, Imprialos Κ, Stavropoulos K, Reklou A, Sachinidis A, Athyros VG Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

Markers of early vascular ageing.
CONCLUSIONS: Vascular measurements may better represent the continuum of cardiovascular disease from a young healthy to an aged diseased vessel that is going to produce adverse clinical events. PMID: 28356037 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - March 28, 2017 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Kotsis V, Antza C, Doundoulakis I, Stabouli S Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

The interaction between gender and diabetes mellitus in the coronary heart disease risk.
CONCLUSION: The connection between diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease is variable according to gender and further studies are needed to elucidate the lenient differentiations in gender specific hormones, risk factor profile, and therapeutic implications between genders. PMID: 27280390 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - June 5, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Oikonomou E, Tsigkou V, Lazaros G, Papamikroulis GA, Papaioannou S, Siasos G, Tousoulis D Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

Atypical chest pain in ACS: a trap especially for women.
Abstract Not all acute coronary syndromes (ACS) exhibit the classic symptoms of chest pain. The diagnosis of ACS in patients without typical chest pain is often challenging. These patients are at increased risk for delayed or incorrect diagnosis, less aggressive treatment and high in-hospital mortality. The association between diabetes mellitus and absence of chest pain in ischemic heart disease is established. As well, it is known that women, more frequently than men, have atypical presentation. However, there is a lack of standardization in characterizing the population of patients with ACS and atypical presenta...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - March 8, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Ricci B, Cenko E, Varotti E, Puddu PE, Manfrini O Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Cardiac Vascular Diseases: an Update from Human Studies.
Abstract The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a cluster of risk factors including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, The MetS is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several international organizations have defined MetS using different diagnostic criteria that produced discrepancies in the results of previous studies, thus leading to the latest Joint Interim Societies (JIS) MetS definition. Other risk factors than the diagnostic criteria that have been associated with MetS include lipid abnormalities, u...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - December 5, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

The Role of Statins in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: an Update.
Abstract The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide. T2DM is associated with both microvascular (neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy) and macrovascular complications [coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, carotid artery disease and peripheral artery disease (PAD)]. Apart from acting on diabetic dyslipidemia, statins were shown to exert beneficial effects on several diabetic complications as well as other cardiovascular (CVD) risk predictors such as endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, chronic kidney disease (CKD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), me...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - September 12, 2013 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Niki Katsiki, Vasilios G Athyros, Asterios Karagiannis, Dimitri P Mikhailidis Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research