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Viruses, Vol. 15, Pages 97: HLA-A, HSPA5, IGFBP5 and PSMA2 Are Restriction Factors for Zika Virus Growth in Astrocytic Cells
Conclusions: The top ZIKV dysregulated cellular networks were antimicrobial response, cell death, and energy production while top dysregulated functions were antigen presentation, viral replication and cytopathic impact. Th1 and interferon signaling pathways were among the top dysregulated canonical pathways. siRNA-mediated KD of HLA-A, IGFBP5, PSMA2 and HSPA5 increased ZIKV titers and protein synthesis, indicating they are ZIKV restriction factors. ZIKV infection also restored HLA-A expression in HLA-A KD cells by 48 h post-infection, suggesting interactions between this gene product and ZIKV.
Source: Viruses - December 29, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Affan A. Sher Ying Tenny Lao Kevin M. Coombs Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2758: Culex Mosquito Piwi4 Is Antiviral against Two Negative-Sense RNA Viruses
We examined the effect of PIWI gene silencing on virus replication of two arboviruses and three insect-specific viruses in Cx. quinquefasciatus derived cells (Hsu) and Cx. tarsalis derived (CT) cells. We show that Piwi4 is antiviral against the La Crosse orthobunyavirus (LACV) in Hsu and CT cells, and the insect-specific rhabdovirus Merida virus (MERDV) in Hsu cells. None of the silenced PIWI genes impacted replication of the two flaviviruses Usutu virus (USUV) and Calbertado virus, or the phasivirus Phasi-Charoen-like virus. We further used small RNA sequencing to determine that LACV-derived piRNAs, but not USUV-derived p...
Source: Viruses - December 10, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Elizabeth Walsh Tran Zen B. Torres Claudia R ückert Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 1628: Inhibition of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Using Small Interfering RNAs
In this study, novel vsiRNAs that targeted conserved regions in the nonstructural and structural genes of the VEEV genome were designed and evaluated for antiviral activity in mammalian cells in the context of VEEV infection. The data demonstrate that vsiRNAs were able to effectively decrease the infectious virus titer at earlier time points post infection in the context of the attenuated TC-83 strain and the virulent Trinidad Donkey strain, while the inhibition was overcome at later time points. Depletion of Argonaute 2 protein (Ago2), the catalytic component of the RISC complex, negated the inhibitory effect of the vsiRN...
Source: Viruses - July 26, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Amrita Haikerwal Michael D. Barrera Nishank Bhalla Weidong Zhou Niloufar Boghdeh Carol Anderson Farhang Alem Aarthi Narayanan Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 359: Encephalomyocarditis Virus 2A Protein Inhibited Apoptosis by Interaction with Annexin A2 through JNK/c-Jun Pathway
In this study, the 2A protein was expressed in Escherichia coli in order to find interacting cell proteins. A pull down assay, coupled with mass spectrometry, revealed that the 2A protein possibly interacted with annexin A2. Co-immunoprecipitation assays and confocal imaging analysis further demonstrated that the 2A protein interacted with annexin A2 in cells. In reducing the expression of annexin A2 by siRNA, the ability of the 2A protein to inhibit apoptosis was weakened and the proliferation of EMCV was slowed down. These results suggest that annexin A2 is closely related to the inhibition of apoptosis by 2A. Furthermor...
Source: Viruses - February 9, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Ruochan Han Lin Liang Tong Qin Sa Xiao Ruiying Liang Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 1533: Inhibitors of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Identified Based on Host Interaction Partners of Viral Non-Structural Protein 3
In this study, we utilized an overexpression construct encoding HA-tagged nsP3 to identify host proteins that interact with VEEV nsP3 by mass spectrometry. Bioinformatic analyses of the putative interactors identified 42 small molecules with the potential to inhibit the host interaction targets, and thus potentially inhibit VEEV. Three inhibitors, tomatidine, citalopram HBr, and Z-VEID-FMK, reduced replication of both the TC-83 strain and the Trinidad donkey (TrD) strain of VEEV by at least 10-fold in astrocytoma, astroglial, and microglial cells. Further, these inhibitors reduced replication of the related New World (NW) ...
Source: Viruses - August 3, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Allison Bakovic Nishank Bhalla Farhang Alem Catherine Campbell Weidong Zhou Aarthi Narayanan Tags: Article Source Type: research

Targeted inhibition of Hantavirus replication and intracranial pathogenesis by a chimeric protein-delivered siRNA
Publication date: Available online 7 October 2017 Source:Antiviral Research Author(s): Jie Yang, Ji-Feng Sun, Ting-Ting Wang, Xiao-Hong Guo, Jun-Xia Wei, Lin-Tao Jia, An-Gang Yang Hantavirus (HV) infection, which underlies hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, remains to be a severe clinical challenge. Here, we synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that target the encoding sequences of HV strain 76-118, and validated their inhibitory role in virus replication in HV-infected monkey kidney Vero E6 cells. A chimeric protein, 3G1-Cκ-tP, consisting of a single-chain antibody...
Source: Antiviral Therapy - October 8, 2017 Category: Virology Source Type: research

Targeted inhibition of Hantavirus replication and intracranial pathogenesis by a chimeric protein-delivered siRNA.
Abstract Hantavirus (HV) infection, which underlies hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, remains to be a severe clinical challenge. Here, we synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that target the encoding sequences of HV strain 76-118, and validated their inhibitory role in virus replication in HV-infected monkey kidney Vero E6 cells. A chimeric protein, 3G1-Cκ-tP, consisting of a single-chain antibody fragment (3G1) against the HV surface envelop glycoprotein, the constant region of human immunoglobulin κ chain (Cκ), and truncated protamine (amino acids 8-29,...
Source: Antiviral Research - October 7, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Yang J, Sun JF, Wang TT, Guo XH, Wei JX, Jia LT, Yang AG Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 9, Pages 5: Mx Is Not Responsible for the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-α against Japanese Encephalitis Virus
In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of Mx1 and Mx2 expression on the interferon- α (IFNα) restriction of JEV replication. To evaluate whether the inhibitory activity of IFNα on JEV is dependent on Mx1 or Mx2, we knocked down Mx1 or Mx2 with siRNA in IFNα-treated PK-15 cells and BHK-21 cells, then challenged them with JEV; the production of progeny virus was assessed by plaqu e assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Our results demonstrated that depletion of Mx1 or Mx2 did not affect JEV restriction imposed by IFNα, although these two proteins were knocked down 66% and 79%, respectively. Accordingly, ex...
Source: Viruses - January 9, 2017 Category: Virology Authors: Jing Zhou Shi-Qi Wang Jian-Chao Wei Xiao-Min Zhang Zhi-Can Gao Ke Liu Zhi-Yong Ma Pu-Yan Chen Bin Zhou Tags: Article Source Type: research

Inhibition of clinical pathogenic herpes simplex virus 1 strains with enzymatically created siRNA pools
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Source: Journal of Medical Virology - May 19, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Henrik Paavilainen, Jenni Lehtinen, Alesia Romanovskaya, Michaela Nygårdas, Dennis H. Bamford, Minna M. Poranen, Veijo Hukkanen Tags: Research Article Source Type: research

DC-SIGN as an attachment factor mediates Japanese encephalitis virus infection of human dendritic cells via interaction with a single high-mannose residue of viral E glycoprotein.
Abstract The skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to be the first defender to encounter incoming viruses and likely play a role in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) early infection. In the current study, following the demonstration of JEV productive infection in DCs, we revealed that the interaction between JEV envelope glycoprotein (E glycoprotein) and DC-SIGN was important for such infection as evidenced by antibody neutralization and siRNA knockdown experiments. Moreover, the high-mannose N-linked glycan at N154 of E glycoprotein was shown to be crucial for JEV binding to DC-SIGN and subsequent inter...
Source: Virology - November 26, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Wang P, Hu K, Luo S, Zhang M, Deng X, Li C, Jin W, Hu B, He S, Li M, Du T, Xiao G, Zhang B, Liu Y, Hu Q Tags: Virology Source Type: research

Porcine 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate synthetases inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus replication in vitro
In conclusion, all pOAS isoforms play a significant role in the response to JEV infection, and are differentially induced by different stimuli. The alternative pathways of antiviral activity stimulated by OASL require further study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Source: Journal of Medical Virology - October 6, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Sheng Zheng, Dan Zhu, Xue Lian, Weiting Liu, Ruibing Cao, Puyan Chen Tags: Research Article Source Type: research

Constant up-regulation of BiP/GRP78 expression prevents virus-induced apoptosis in BHK-21 cells with Japanese encephalitis virus persistent infection
Conclusions: BHK-21 cells with JEV persistent infection strive against virus-induced apoptosis through constant up-regulation of BiP expression, resulting in the complete depletion of CHOP even with apparent virus amplification in the cells. Accordingly, the attenuation of virus replication as well as the modifications to cell metabolism could be additional factors contributing to the development of JEV persistent infection in mammalian cells.
Source: Virology Journal - February 26, 2015 Category: Virology Authors: Hey LyooSoo ParkJi KimYong Jeong Source Type: research

Nuclear Import and Export Inhibitors Alter Capsid Protein Distribution in Mammalian Cells and Reduce Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replication.
Abstract Targeting host responses to invading viruses has been the focus of recent antiviral research. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is able to modulate host transcription and block nuclear trafficking at least partially due to its capsid protein forming a complex with the host proteins importin α/β1 and CRM1. We hypothesized that disrupting the interaction of capsid with importin α/β1 or the interaction of capsid with CRM1 would alter capsid localization, thereby lowering viral titers in vitro. siRNA mediated knockdown of importin α, importin β1, and CRM1 altered capsid localization, confirmin...
Source: Antiviral Research - October 22, 2013 Category: Virology Authors: Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Baer A, Amaya M, Narayanan A, Wagstaff KM, Jans DA, Kehn-Hall K Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: research

Japanese encephalitis virus infects porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cells via clathrin- and cholesterol-dependent endocytosis
Conclusions: Taken together, our results demonstrate that JEV enters porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cells through cholesterol- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Source: Virology Journal - August 12, 2013 Category: Virology Authors: Songbai YangMinhui HeXiangdong LiuXinyun LiBin FanShuhong Zhao Source Type: research