Filtered By:
Nutrition: Vitamins
This page shows you your search results in order of date. This is page number 3.
Order by Relevance | Date
Total 41027 results found since Jan 2013.
Steroid hormone signaling: What we can learn from insect models
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:525-554. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.006. Epub 2023 Feb 6.ABSTRACTEcdysteroids are a group of steroid hormones in arthropods with pleiotropic functions throughout their life history. Ecdysteroid research in insects has made a significant contribution to our current understanding of steroid hormone signaling in metazoans, but how far can we extrapolate our findings in insects to other systems, such as mammals? In this chapter, we compare steroid hormone signaling in insects and mammals from multiple perspectives and discuss similarities and differences between the two lineages. We also highlight a few un...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Naoki Okamoto Daiki Fujinaga Naoki Yamanaka Source Type: research
Essential and subtype-dependent function of thyroid hormone receptors during Xenopus metamorphosis
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:503-523. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.02.004. Epub 2023 Mar 25.ABSTRACTThyroid hormone (T3) plays critical roles in organ metabolism and development in vertebrates. Anuran metamorphosis is perhaps the most dramatic and best studied developmental process controlled by T3. Many changes in different organs/tissues during anuran metamorphosis resemble the maturation/remodeling of the corresponding organs/tissues during mammalian postembryonic development. The plasma T3 level peaks during both anuran metamorphosis and mammalian postembryonic development. T3 exerts its developmental function through transcription...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Yun-Bo Shi Yuta Tanizaki Shouhong Wang Liezhen Fu Source Type: research
Steroid-receptor coactivator complexes in thyroid hormone-regulation of Xenopus metamorphosis
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:483-502. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.02.003. Epub 2023 Mar 9.ABSTRACTAnuran metamorphosis is perhaps the most drastic developmental change regulated by thyroid hormone (T3) in vertebrate. It mimics the postembryonic development in mammals when many organs/tissues mature into adult forms and plasma T3 level peaks. T3 functions by regulating target gene transcription through T3 receptors (TRs), which can recruit corepressor or coactivator complexes to target genes in the absence or presence of T3, respectively. By using molecular and genetic approaches, we and others have investigated the role of corepressor...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Yuta Tanizaki Lingyu Bao Yun-Bo Shi Source Type: research
The androgen receptor
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:439-481. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.001. Epub 2023 Aug 17.ABSTRACTThe Androgen Receptor (AR) is a ligand (androgen) activated transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. It is required for male sex hormone function. AR-FL (full-length) has the domain structure of NRs, an N-terminal domain (NTD) required for transactivation, a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). Paradoxes exist in that endogenous ligands testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have differential effects on male sexual development while...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Greg Van-Duyne Ian A Blair Cynthia Sprenger Vera Moiseenkova-Bell Stephen Plymate Trevor M Penning Source Type: research
The human glucocorticoid receptor
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:417-438. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.005. Epub 2023 Jul 10.ABSTRACTGlucocorticoids are members of steroid hormones that are biosynthesized in the intermediate cellular zone of the adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) and released into the peripheral blood as final products of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as well as under the control of the circadian biologic system. These molecules regulate every physiologic function of the organism as they bind to an almost ubiquitous hormone-activated transcription factor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which influences the rate of transcription of a...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Nicolas C Nicolaides George P Chrousos Source Type: research
Structure and functions of the N-terminal domain of steroid hormone receptors
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:399-416. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.02.001. Epub 2023 Mar 9.ABSTRACTThe steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) belong to the large superfamily of nuclear receptors that selectively modulate gene expression in response to specific hormone ligands. The SHRs are required in a broad range of normal physiological processes as well as associated with numerous pathological conditions. Over years, the understanding of the SHR biology and mechanisms of their actions on target cells have found many clinical applications and management of various endocrine-related disorders. However, the effectiveness of SHR-based therapi...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Raj Kumar Source Type: research
Cryo-EM technique and its application: Structure of steroid hormone receptors
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:385-397. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.02.002. Epub 2023 Mar 10.ABSTRACTIn recent years, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become one of the most powerful tools to solve the 3-D structure of macromolecules. Unlike X-ray crystallography, the cryo-EM method has advantage of providing an in-depth insight into the dynamic behavior of macromolecules, which is particularly useful to determine 3-D structural analyses of large protein complexes. Due to recent technical advancements, cryo-EM has become the method of choice for the determination of protein structures. Among other proteins, solving 3-D structure o...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Raj Kumar Source Type: research
Genomically anchored vitamin D receptor mediates an abundance of bioprotective actions elicited by its 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D hormonal ligand
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:313-383. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.008. Epub 2023 Jun 8.ABSTRACTThe nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the actions of its physiologic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) ligand produced in kidney and at extrarenal sites during times of physiologic and cellular stress. The ligand-receptor complex transcriptionally controls genes encoding factors that regulate calcium and phosphate sensing/transport, bone remodeling, immune function, and nervous system maintenance. With the aid of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), 1,25D/VDR primarily participates in an intricate netw...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Mark R Haussler Carol A Haussler Peter W Jurutka Source Type: research
Structure-function relationships of the aldosterone receptor
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:285-312. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.007. Epub 2023 Jan 10.ABSTRACTThe cellular response to the adrenal steroid aldosterone is mediated by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. The MR binds more than one physiological ligand with binding at the MR determined by pre-receptor metabolism of glucocorticoid ligands by 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. The MR has a wide tissue distribution with multiple roles beyond the classical role in electrolyte homeostasis including cardiovascular function, immune cell signalin...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Peter J Fuller Morag J Young Jun Yang Timothy J Cole Source Type: research
Unraveling corticotropin-releasing factor family-orchestrated signaling and function in both sexes
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:27-65. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.009. Epub 2023 Feb 14.ABSTRACTStress responses to physical, psychological, environmental, or cellular stressors, has two arms: initiation and recovery. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is primarily responsible for regulating and/or initiating stress responses via, whereas urocortins (UCNs) are involved in the recovery response to stress via feedback inhibition. Stress is a loaded, polysemous word and is experienced in a myriad of ways. Some stressors are good for an individual, in fact essential, whereas other stressors are associated with bad outcomes. Perceived s...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Aditi Bhargava Source Type: research
Hepcidin and its multiple partners: Complex regulation of iron metabolism in health and disease
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:249-284. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.03.001. Epub 2023 Mar 30.ABSTRACTThe peptide hormone hepcidin is central to the regulation of iron metabolism, influencing the movement of iron into the circulation and determining total body iron stores. Its effect on a cellular level involves binding ferroportin, the main iron export protein, preventing iron egress and leading to iron sequestration within ferroportin-expressing cells. Hepcidin expression is enhanced by iron loading and inflammation and suppressed by erythropoietic stimulation. Aberrantly increased hepcidin leads to systemic iron deficiency and/or iron...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Yelena Z Ginzburg Source Type: research
A structural perspective of liver X receptors
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:231-247. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.008. Epub 2023 Feb 6.ABSTRACTLiver X receptors α and β are members of the nuclear receptor family, which comprise a flexible N-terminal domain, a DNA binding domain, a hinge linker, and a ligand binding domain. Liver X receptors are important regulators of cholesterol and lipid homeostasis by controlling the transcription of numerous genes. Key to their transcriptional role is synergetic interaction among the domains. DNA binding domain binds on DNA; ligand binding domain is a crucial switch to control the transcription activity through conformational change caused...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Jan- Åke Gustafsson Xian Chang Li Ji Ho Suh Xiaohua Lou Source Type: research
Mutations at hypothetical binding site 2 in insulin and insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:187-230. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.010. Epub 2023 Mar 1.ABSTRACTElucidating how insulin and the related insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) bind to their cellular receptors (IR and IGF-1R) and how the receptors are activated has been the holy grail for generations of scientists. However, deciphering the 3D structure of tyrosine kinase receptors and their hormone-bound complexes has been complicated by the flexible and dimeric nature of the receptors and the dynamic nature of their interaction with hormones. Therefore, mutagenesis of hormones and kinetic studies first became an import...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Ji ří Jiráček Irena Selicharov á Lenka Žáková Source Type: research
The three-dimensional structure of insulin and its receptor
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:151-185. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.001. Epub 2023 Jun 5.ABSTRACTInsulin is a peptide hormone essential for maintaining normal blood glucose levels. Individuals unable to secrete sufficient insulin or not able to respond properly to insulin develop diabetes. Since the discovery of insulin its structure and function has been intensively studied with the aim to develop effective diabetes treatments. The three-dimensional crystal structure of this 51 amino acid peptide paved the way for discoveries, outlined in this review, of determinants important for receptor binding and hormone stability that have bee...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Briony E Forbes Source Type: research
Growth hormone receptor gene disruption
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:109-149. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.004. Epub 2023 Aug 24.ABSTRACTMuch of our understanding of growth hormone's (GH)'s numerous activities stems from studies utilizing GH receptor (GHR) knockout mice. More recently, the role of GH action has been examined by creating mice with tissue-specific or temporal GHR disruption. To date, 37 distinct GHR knockout mouse lines have been created. Targeted tissues include fat, liver, muscle, heart, bone, brain, macrophage, intestine, hematopoietic stem cells, pancreatic β cells, and inducible multi-tissue "global" disruption at various ages. In this chapter, a summ...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Edward O List Silvana Duran-Ortiz Prateek Kulkarni Emily Davis Patricia Mora-Criollo Darlene E Berryman John J Kopchick Source Type: research
