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Nutrition: Vitamins
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Preface
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:xxiii-xxiv. doi: 10.1016/S0083-6729(23)00068-7.NO ABSTRACTPMID:37718003 | DOI:10.1016/S0083-6729(23)00068-7
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Gerald Litwack Source Type: research
Structures of the arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin receptor signaling complexes
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:67-107. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.003. Epub 2023 Jan 13.ABSTRACTArginine-vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) are neurohypophysial hormones which share a high sequence and structure homology. These are two cyclic C-terminally amidated nonapeptides with different residues at position 3 and 8. In mammals, AVP and OT exert their multiple biological functions through a specific G protein-coupled receptor family: four receptors are identified, the V1a, V1b, V2 receptors (V1aR, V1bR and V2R) and the OT receptor (OTR). The chemical structure of AVP and OT was elucidated in the early 1950s. Thanks to X-ray cry...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Julien Bous Aur élien Fouillen H élène Orcel S ébastien Granier Patrick Bron Bernard Mouillac Source Type: research
Structural dynamics of chemokine receptors
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:645-662. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.005. Epub 2023 Jun 26.ABSTRACTMembrane proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in awide range of physiological and pathological cellular processes. Binding of extracellular signals to GPCRs, including hormones, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, can activate intracellular signaling cascades via G protein interaction. Chemokine receptors are key GPCRs implicated in cancers, immune responses, cell migration and inflammation. Specifically, the CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptors serve as important therapeutic targets against Human Immunod...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Shristi Pawnikar Sana Akhter Yinglong Miao Source Type: research
Juvenile hormone receptor Methoprene tolerant: Functions and applications
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:619-644. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.03.002. Epub 2023 May 27.ABSTRACTDuring the past 15years, after confirming Methoprene tolerant (Met) as a juvenile hormone (JH) receptor, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the function of Met in supporting JH signal transduction. Met role in JH regulation of development, including metamorphosis, reproduction, diapause, cast differentiation, behavior, im`munity, sleep and epigenetic modifications, have been elucidated. Met's Heterodimeric partners involved in performing some of these functions were discovered. The availability of JH response elements (JH...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Subba Reddy Palli Source Type: research
Signaling mechanism of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:1-26. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.004. Epub 2023 Jul 7.ABSTRACTThe hypothalamic peptide growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary through binding and activation of the pituitary type of GHRH receptor (GHRH-R), which belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors with seven potential membrane-spanning domains. Splice variants of GHRH-Rs (SV) in human tumors and other extra pituitary tissues were identified and their cDNA was sequenced. Among the SVs, splice variant 1 (SV1) possesses the greatest similarity to the full-length GHRH-R an...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Gabor Halmos Zsuzsanna Szabo Eva Juhasz Andrew V Schally Source Type: research
Structure-function of DHEA binding proteins
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:587-617. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.002. Epub 2022 Dec 16.ABSTRACTDehydroepiandrosterone (3β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, DHEA) and its sulfated metabolite DHEA-S are the most abundant circulating steroids and are precursors for active sex steroid hormones, estradiol and testosterone. DHEA has a broad range of reported effects in the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular system, adipose tissue, kidney, liver, and in the reproductive system. The mechanisms by which DHEA and DHEA-S initiate their biological effects are diverse. DHEA and DHEA-S may directly bind to plasma membrane (PM) receptors, i...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Barbara J Clark Carolyn M Klinge Source Type: research
Membrane estrogen receptor and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:555-585. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.005. Epub 2022 Dec 29.ABSTRACTFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogens are fundamental to support reproductive functions. Beside the well-known FSH membrane receptor (FSHR), a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been found, over the last two decades, in several tissues. It may trigger rapid, non-genomic responses of estradiol, activating proliferative and survival stimuli. The two receptors were co-characterized in the ovary, where they modulate different intracellular signaling cascades, according to the expression level and developmental stage of...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Livio Casarini Manuela Simoni Source Type: research
Steroid hormone signaling: What we can learn from insect models
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:525-554. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.006. Epub 2023 Feb 6.ABSTRACTEcdysteroids are a group of steroid hormones in arthropods with pleiotropic functions throughout their life history. Ecdysteroid research in insects has made a significant contribution to our current understanding of steroid hormone signaling in metazoans, but how far can we extrapolate our findings in insects to other systems, such as mammals? In this chapter, we compare steroid hormone signaling in insects and mammals from multiple perspectives and discuss similarities and differences between the two lineages. We also highlight a few un...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Naoki Okamoto Daiki Fujinaga Naoki Yamanaka Source Type: research
Essential and subtype-dependent function of thyroid hormone receptors during Xenopus metamorphosis
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:503-523. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.02.004. Epub 2023 Mar 25.ABSTRACTThyroid hormone (T3) plays critical roles in organ metabolism and development in vertebrates. Anuran metamorphosis is perhaps the most dramatic and best studied developmental process controlled by T3. Many changes in different organs/tissues during anuran metamorphosis resemble the maturation/remodeling of the corresponding organs/tissues during mammalian postembryonic development. The plasma T3 level peaks during both anuran metamorphosis and mammalian postembryonic development. T3 exerts its developmental function through transcription...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Yun-Bo Shi Yuta Tanizaki Shouhong Wang Liezhen Fu Source Type: research
Steroid-receptor coactivator complexes in thyroid hormone-regulation of Xenopus metamorphosis
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:483-502. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.02.003. Epub 2023 Mar 9.ABSTRACTAnuran metamorphosis is perhaps the most drastic developmental change regulated by thyroid hormone (T3) in vertebrate. It mimics the postembryonic development in mammals when many organs/tissues mature into adult forms and plasma T3 level peaks. T3 functions by regulating target gene transcription through T3 receptors (TRs), which can recruit corepressor or coactivator complexes to target genes in the absence or presence of T3, respectively. By using molecular and genetic approaches, we and others have investigated the role of corepressor...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Yuta Tanizaki Lingyu Bao Yun-Bo Shi Source Type: research
The androgen receptor
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:439-481. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.001. Epub 2023 Aug 17.ABSTRACTThe Androgen Receptor (AR) is a ligand (androgen) activated transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. It is required for male sex hormone function. AR-FL (full-length) has the domain structure of NRs, an N-terminal domain (NTD) required for transactivation, a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). Paradoxes exist in that endogenous ligands testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have differential effects on male sexual development while...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Greg Van-Duyne Ian A Blair Cynthia Sprenger Vera Moiseenkova-Bell Stephen Plymate Trevor M Penning Source Type: research
The human glucocorticoid receptor
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:417-438. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.005. Epub 2023 Jul 10.ABSTRACTGlucocorticoids are members of steroid hormones that are biosynthesized in the intermediate cellular zone of the adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) and released into the peripheral blood as final products of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as well as under the control of the circadian biologic system. These molecules regulate every physiologic function of the organism as they bind to an almost ubiquitous hormone-activated transcription factor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which influences the rate of transcription of a...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Nicolas C Nicolaides George P Chrousos Source Type: research
Structure and functions of the N-terminal domain of steroid hormone receptors
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:399-416. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.02.001. Epub 2023 Mar 9.ABSTRACTThe steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) belong to the large superfamily of nuclear receptors that selectively modulate gene expression in response to specific hormone ligands. The SHRs are required in a broad range of normal physiological processes as well as associated with numerous pathological conditions. Over years, the understanding of the SHR biology and mechanisms of their actions on target cells have found many clinical applications and management of various endocrine-related disorders. However, the effectiveness of SHR-based therapi...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Raj Kumar Source Type: research
Cryo-EM technique and its application: Structure of steroid hormone receptors
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:385-397. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.02.002. Epub 2023 Mar 10.ABSTRACTIn recent years, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become one of the most powerful tools to solve the 3-D structure of macromolecules. Unlike X-ray crystallography, the cryo-EM method has advantage of providing an in-depth insight into the dynamic behavior of macromolecules, which is particularly useful to determine 3-D structural analyses of large protein complexes. Due to recent technical advancements, cryo-EM has become the method of choice for the determination of protein structures. Among other proteins, solving 3-D structure o...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Raj Kumar Source Type: research
Genomically anchored vitamin D receptor mediates an abundance of bioprotective actions elicited by its 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D hormonal ligand
Vitam Horm. 2023;123:313-383. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.008. Epub 2023 Jun 8.ABSTRACTThe nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the actions of its physiologic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) ligand produced in kidney and at extrarenal sites during times of physiologic and cellular stress. The ligand-receptor complex transcriptionally controls genes encoding factors that regulate calcium and phosphate sensing/transport, bone remodeling, immune function, and nervous system maintenance. With the aid of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), 1,25D/VDR primarily participates in an intricate netw...
Source: Vitamins and Hormones - September 17, 2023 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Mark R Haussler Carol A Haussler Peter W Jurutka Source Type: research
